In this study, Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS) thin films were successfully sputtered from a single quaternary target onto soda lime glass substrates. The effect of the incident angle atoms and sputter temperature on properties examined using various techniques. It was found that higher resulted in columnar microstructure, while lower produced solid film. structure showed improved optical...

This study presents the numerical simulation, optimization, preparation, and characterization of Cu(In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin-film solar cells (TFSCs). Different cell parameters were investigated, including Ga/(Ga+In) (GGI) ratios, thicknesses CIGS absorption layers, fill factor (FF), open-circuit voltage (Voc), short-circuit current (Isc). The effects simulated on power conversion efficiency (η) ...

The behavior of carriers for an electron-beam-induced current (EBIC) evaluation is experimentally and theoretically analyzed the polycrystalline Cu (In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin-film solar cells. experimental EBIC signal in-depth profiles CIGS layers show four features: peaks at grain boundaries (GBs), narrowed near surface, shifted double GBs surface. Operating principles cell devices under electron...

In recent years, there has been a rapid proliferation of novel tobacco and nicotine products in the market, which have gained popularity among adolescents. The prevalence ever users electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) Europe those aged 10–24 ranges from 5.5% to 56.6%, with significant variations across countries. Adolescents reported several reasons for e-cig use initiation, including low harm perce...

Abstract Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) is a commercialized, high-efficiency thin-film photovoltaic (PV) technology. The state-of-the-art energy yield models for this technology have significant normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) on power estimation: De Soto model—26.7%; PVsyst model—12%. In work, we propose physics-based electrical model CIGS which can be used system-level simula...

Optical and electrical properties of complex semiconducting alloys like Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) are strongly influenced by the reaction pathways occurring during their deposition process. This makes it desirable to observe and control these properties in real-time during the deposition. Here we show for the first time the evolution of the band gap and the sub-band-gap defect absorption of CIGS thin...

Smokers of any age can reap substantial health benefits by quitting. In fact, no other single public health effort is likely to achieve a benefit comparable to large-scale smoking cessation. Surveys document that most smokers would like to quit, and many have made repeated efforts to do so. However, conventional smoking cessation approaches require nicotine addicted smokers to abstain from toba...