Ram FS, Sestini P. Regular inhaled short acting b2 agonists for the management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 2003;58:580–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....

The clinical presentation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is highly variable, reflecting the interaction of a complex range of pathological changes including both pulmonary and systemic effects. The consequences of COPD experienced by the patient (i.e. its outcomes) include: symptoms, weight loss, exercise intolerance, exacerbations, health-related quality of life, health resour...

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide. To investigate effect silymarin on chronic (COPD). The serum samples 20 healthy controls, patients with acute exacerbation COPD and stable were collected. LPS smoking used to induce mouse model. Our results showed that in COPD, O2-level release from peripheral blood neutrophils negatively correlated forc...

Chronic inactivity may not be the sole factor involved in the myopathy of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. One hypothesis is that exercise-induced oxidative stress that leads to muscle alterations may also be involved. This study investigated whether exercise localised to a peripheral muscle group would induce oxidative stress in COPD patients. Eleven COPD patients (FEV1 1...

Wright JL, Cosio M, Churg A. Animal models of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 295: L1–L15, 2008. First published May 2, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajplung.90200.2008.—The mechanisms involved in the genesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are poorly defined. This area is complicated and difficult to model because COPD consists of four separate ana...

Due to the enormous burden of disease and escalating healthcare costs, there is now renewed interest in the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [1, 2] and a search for new therapies [3]. The definition of COPD was adopted by the Global Initiative on Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease and for the first time this definition encompassed the id...