background: the method of evaluation in students’ learning affects their studying mode. the aim of this study was to compare nursing students’ scores in essay and multiple-choice questions in mother and child health examination in shahrekord university of medical sciences. methods: in this study, the  final scores of 121 of nursing students in a multiple-choice questionnaire consisting of 40 qu...

the aim of this research was to determine the effects of camphorosma monspeliaca species on soil nutrient elements in its habitat. for rangeland, ecological positive or negative effects of plant species on environment must carefully be examined before allowing their plantation in vast areas; on the other hand this species with their special characteristics have special effects on their surround...

Brood-parasitic village indigobirds, Vidua chalybeata, were bred in captivity and foster-reared by their normal host species, the red-billed firefinch, Lagonosticta senegala, or by an experimental foster species, the Bengalese finch, Lonchura striata. Captive-reared female indigobirds were tested as adults for mate choice and for host choice. In tests of mate choice, female indigobirds responde...

The traditional view of sex roles and sexual selection emphasizes the evolution male ornaments as a result female mate choice male–male competition. Female are now receiving more attention, although their in mating decisions still less well understood, especially considering cases which colourful expressed by both sexes. In this study, we analysed whether skin coloration (luminance redness face...

Conspecific sperm precedence occurs when females are exposed to sperm from males of multiple species, but preferentially use sperm of a conspecific. Conspecific sperm precedence and its mechanisms have been documented widely in terrestrial species, in which complex female behaviors or reproductive tract morphologies can allow many opportunities for female choice and sperm competition, however, ...

Humans exhibit a suite of biases when making economic decisions. We review recent research on the origins of human decision making by examining whether similar choice biases are seen in nonhuman primates, our closest phylogenetic relatives. We propose that comparative studies can provide insight into four major questions about the nature of human choice biases that cannot be addressed by studie...

Many Drosophila species exhibit genetic variation in traits affecting mate choice (Scott & Richmond, 1988; MarõÂn, 1994; Aspi & Hoikkala, 1995). This variation forms the basis for sexual selection (exercised) by the females within a species and may also give rise to isolation between geographically separated populations (Markow, 1991). Studies on genetic variation in traits affecting mate choic...