The production of chlorinated by-products through chlorine disinfection of drinking water has been well documented. Natural organic precursors for these chemicals include fulvic and humic acids, the chlorination of which leads to the production of mutagenic compounds. Comparisons of extracts of raw versus treated waters have confirmed that clorination during water treatment produces mutagenic a...

The formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during chlorination of drinking water is an issue which has drawn significant scientific attention over the last few years, due to the adverse effects of these compounds on human health. The complicated mechanisms of the formation of DBPs are still under investigation, and modelling attempts are being made. One of the major factors affecting the ...

The reclamation and reuse of wastewater is one of the possible ways to relieve the serious fresh water resource crisis in China. Efficient reclamation treatment technologies ensure the safe reuse of reclaimed water. In order to screen out and evaluate technologies appropriate for reclamation treatment, a great deal of efforts have been brought to bear. In the present study, a toxicity-based met...

Cooling systems remove heat from components and industrial equipment. Water cooling, employing natural waters, is typically used for cooling large industrial facilities, such as power plants, factories or refineries. Due to moderate temperatures, cooling water cycles are susceptible to biofouling, inorganic fouling and scaling, which may reduce heat transfer and enhance corrosion. Hypochlorite ...

A number of nitriles and cyano compounds inhibited chlorination by Streptomyces aureofaciens. In most cases, this inhibition was enhanced by bromide. Methylene blue and p-amino-propiophenone reversed the inhibition to some extent.

Cu-mediated C-2 chlorination of indoles was accomplished with copper(ii) chloride through the use of a directing pyrimidyl protection group. A highly regioselective manner can be achieved on a range of indole substrates with excellent functional group tolerance.

New access to the 7, 17-seco norditerpenoid alkaloids 9 (60%) from yunnaconitine (5), as well as 14 (46%) and 15 (22%) from isotalatizidine (10), via selective hydrolysis, chlorination and reduction with NaBH4 is described.

The "chlorination/fluorination" technique for aliphatic trifluoromethyl ether synthesis was investigated and a range of products with various functional groups was prepared. The results were compared with oxidative desulfurization-fluorination of xanthates with the same structure.

The article describes the manufacture of titanium dioxide, or titania, on basis tetrachloride. main technological requirements for production titania are listed, most prospective raw materials chlorination method given, description process yield is described.

Our computational and experimental investigation of the reaction of anisole with Cl2 in nonpolar CCl4 solution challenges two fundamental tenets of the traditional SEAr (arenium ion) mechanism of aromatic electrophilic substitution. Instead of this direct substitution process, the alternative addition-elimination (AE) pathway is favored energetically. This AE mechanism rationalizes the preferre...