bubble columns are gas- liquid contactors that are widely used in chemical and bio- chemical industries. high mixing that result in high heat and mass transfer rates are amongst their advantages. heat transfer in a bubble column having a bundle of heaters investigated and the variation of heat transfer coefficient with variation in heaters pitch to diameter ratios in a bundle of heaters reporte...

sulfur mustard (sm) gas was used in the iran-iraq war (1981 - 1989) as a vesicant chemical warfare against the iranian warriors. this alkylating agent with the potential of producing chemical injury in the skin, eyes, and lung, may damage both upper and lower respiratory tract, which in turn can cause different types of sequels such as asthma, bronchiectasis, chronic bronchitis and lung fibrosi...

Gas plasma, a fourth state of matter, is a neutral composition of ions, electrons, radicals, and photons that is synthesized by applying energy to a gas at atmospheric pressure or within a vacuum. Gas plasma can be used to enhance the functionality of microdevices for various biological and chemical applications. The effects of plasma in microchannels are regulated by parameters such as the typ...

In this work, a new type of optical fiber based chemical sensor, the sub-nanoliter sample cell (SNSC) based gas sensor, is described and compared to existing sensors designs in the literature. This novel SNSC gas sensor is shown to have the capability of gas detection with a cell volume in the sub-nanoliter range. Experimental results for various configurations of the sensor design are presente...

Chemical by product diagnostic technique is an efficient, cost-effective and reliable diagnostic technique for gas insulate switchgear condition monitoring in view of its high sensitivity and antiinternal and external electromagnetic interference and noise. In this research paper, coaxial simulated gas insulated switchgear chamber and four different types of artificial defect were designed to c...

Chemical reactions at the gas-surface interface are ubiquitous in the chemical industry as well as in nature. Investigating these processes at a microscopic, quantum state-resolved level helps develop a predictive understanding of this important class of reactions. In this review, we present an overview of the field of quantum state-resolved gas-surface reactivity measurements that explore the ...

The exact knowledge of hydrocarbon oxidation kinetics is very important due to the fact that this process is involved in many technological processes: combustion in engines and furnaces, flame synthesis of materials, partial oxidation processes in chemical technology, catalytic combustion, and exhaust gas treatment, etc. An overview is given on the present state of the art with respect to kinet...

We present a tutorial review of our quantum state resolved experiments designed to study gas-surface reaction dynamics. The combination of a molecular beam, state specific reactant preparation by infrared laser pumping, and ultrahigh vacuum surface analysis techniques make it possible to study chemical reactivity at the gas-surface interface in unprecedented detail. We describe the experimental...

Spatially resolved analysis of the composition of the gas-phase during chemical vapor deposition depends on an effective sampling apparatus. In the present work, a novel in-situ sampling and cooling apparatus was presented, which is connected directly to an online GC/MS. Simulations of the temperature distribution in the cooling apparatus show that sample gas can be cooled down to 600 K in shor...

Rates of dry deposition of gases to surface water vary by orders of magnitude depending on the concentration of the gas in the surface water and on the solubility and aqueous-phase reaction kinetics of the depositing gas. For nonreactive gases the key property is the Henry's law solubility. For reactive gases the deposition flux can be quantitatively related to the chemical reaction rate for kn...