In this paper we present a novel general framework for encoding and evolving networks called Common Genetic Encoding (CGE) that can be applied to both direct and indirect encoding methods. The encoding has important properties that makes it suitable for evolving neural networks: (1) It is complete in that it is able to represent all types of valid phenotype networks. (2) It is closed, i. e. eve...

In contrast to the classic result in Diamond and Mirrlees (1971) that fiscal taxes should not be levied on intermediate use of goods, Newbury (1985) showed that, in a closed economy with Leontief technology, input taxes should be used to indirectly tax commodities that for some reason are untaxed in final consumption. This paper extends the Newbury result to more general cases; i.e., to open ec...

This paper deals with the question, whether in a federal state the regions should obtain the right to levy regional income taxes. It is shown that a revenue sharing system in uences the optimal income tax rates and causes distortions. In a federal system with other distorting taxes, several states and a revenue sharing system the welfare e ects of regional income taxes can be positive or negati...

BACKGROUND Beside the basic resins, reactive diluents and hardeners are important sensitizers in epoxy resin systems (ERSs). Because of chemical similarities, immunological cross-reactivity may occur. OBJECTIVES To analyse concomitant reactivity among reactive diluents and hardeners in the patients concerned, as one integral part of a research project on the sensitizing capacity of ERSs (FP-0...

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License Digital Evidence and Electronic Signature Law Review, 11 (2014) | 46 The modern court is changing and part of this development is a result of the increased use of technology. In particular, the use of multimedia applications have enabled legal teams to present evidence in new and novel ways; h...

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is a new, high-resolution tool for the analysis of DNA restriction fragments and DNA amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). By combining many of the principles of traditional slab gel methods in a capillary format, it is possible to perform molecular size determinations of human and plant PCR amplification products and DNA restriction fragments. DNA res...