The formation of oblique ribs of bivalve shells usually has been attributed to processes of reaction-diffusion of morphogens from cell to cell at the mantle margin or neural activation and lateral inhibition in the mantle. In particular, such ribs appear with high rates of lateral diffusion. Nevertheless, theoretical models fail to explain either partially or wholly some varieties of oblique ri...

A 54-year-old architect was admitted with a one-week history of a painful, swollen right arm. The patient was otherwise healthy with no significant past medical history and, in particular, no antecedent history of venous thromboembolism nor of trauma or heavy use of the limb. On examination, the right arm was grossly swollen, warm and erythematous with visible distension of the collateral veins...

This paper experimentally and numerically investigated the heat transfer and friction characteristics of microfluidic heat sinks with variously-shaped micro-ribs, i.e., rectangular, triangular and semicircular ribs. The micro-ribs were fabricated on the sidewalls of microfluidic channels by a surface-micromachining micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) process and used as turbulators to improv...

Klippel Feil Syndrome (KFS) is a congenital malformation which has a failure of segmantation of cervical somites in the 8th weeks of gestation and fusion at least two cervical segments. It is described as the triad of short neck, low posterior hairline and decreased range of neck motions. Especially decreased range of neck motions lead many anesthesiologists to difficult airway management. Dexm...

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare benign disorder of unknown etiology with an estimated incidence of 4 to 5 cases per 100,000 persons per year. LCH can involve almost all parts of the body; however, sever extensive bone involvement is rare. The purpose of this report was to describe the case of a 4-year-old boy who presented with a history of a 2-month old fall injury. Physical exam...

Distinguishing human from non-human bone fragments is usually accomplished by observation of gross morphology. When macroscopic analysis is insufficient, histological approaches can be applied. Microscopic features, like plexiform bone or osteon banding, are characteristic of non-humans. In the absence of such features, distinguishing Haversian bone as either human or non-human proves problemat...

The etiology of idiopathic scoliosis is still a matter of debate as its common cause had not been found. But some basic principles in its initiation and progression do exist. The curvature of the spine is always accompanied by rotation of the vertebrae and rib cage as ribs are connected by intercostal muscles and cannot spread apart on the convex side when the spine bends. The rib cage rotates ...

Temperature distribution in tissues behind ribs produced by weakly focused ultrasound had been calculated using Pennes bioheat equation and the validity of the theoretical model was experimentally confirmed in vitro using porcine live. We found that the position of the maximum temperature in tissue is strongly influenced by the distance between the transducer and ribs, while the gap between rib...

Solar air heater is a type of heat exchanger which transforms solar radiation into heat energy. The thermal performance of conventional solar air heater has been found to be poor because of the low convective heat transfer coefficient from the absorber plate to the air. It is attributed to the formation of a very thin boundary layer at the absorber plate surface commonly known as viscous sub-la...

Diagnosis and treatment of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) involves neurologists, physiatrists, family physicians, orthopedic surgeons, vascular surgeons, thoracic surgeons, neurosurgeons and sometimes psychiatrists. It is generally accepted that TOS is caused by compression of brachial plexus elements or subclavian vessels in their passage from the cervical area toward the axilla and proximal a...