Objectives: Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) are sounds that originate in cochlea and are measured in external auditory canal and provide a simple, efficient and non-invasive objective indicator of healthy cochlear function. Olivo cochlear bundle (OCB) or auditory efferent system is a neural feedback pathway which originated from brain stem and terminated in the inner ear and can be evaluated non-i...

To cite: Cope TE, Baguley DM, Griffiths TD. Pract Neurol Published Online First: [please include Day Month Year] doi:10.1136/ practneurol-2014-001073 INTRODUCTION Disorders of audition stand at a crossroads between neurology, audiology, psychiatry and ENT. It is not uncommon for patients to ‘fall between the cracks’ of the referral pathway, and to become increasingly frustrated when specialties...

A common visual pathway in all amniotes is the tectofugal pathway connecting the optic tectum with the forebrain. The tectofugal pathway has been suggested to be involved in tasks such as orienting and attention, tasks that may benefit from integrating information across senses. Nevertheless, previous research has characterized the tectofugal pathway as strictly visual. Here we recorded from tw...

Many students regard neuroanatomy as a terrifying subject due to the complicated neuronal connections. Purpose of this research was promote easy and logical learning by systematizing rule “three neurons afferent nerves.” The rule, in which second neuron decussates reaches thalamus, applied many structures possible. three are drawn constant pattern intuitively demonstrate rule. could be not ...

How does the brain accomplish sound localization with invariance to total sound level? Sensitivity to interaural level differences (ILDs) is first computed at the lateral superior olive (LSO) and is observed at multiple levels of the auditory pathway, including the central nucleus of inferior colliculus (ICC) and auditory cortex. In LSO, this ILD sensitivity is level-dependent, such that ILD re...

Temporal coding of sensory information can arise through exogenous, stimulus-locked temporal patternings of spikes or through endogenous, stimulus-triggered temporal patterns of response [1, 2]. Phase-locking to stimulus waveforms permits strategies for stimulus localization that are based on temporal cross-correlation across sensory receptors and strategies for representation of form that are ...

Subjective tinnitus is generally assumed to be a consequence of hearing loss. In animal studies it has been demonstrated that acoustic trauma induced cochlear damage can lead to behavioral signs of tinnitus. In addition it was shown that noise trauma may lead to deafferentation of cochlear inner hair cells (IHC) even in the absence of elevated hearing thresholds, and it seems conceivable that s...