We present four movies demonstrating the effect of flicker and blur on the magnitude and speed of adaptation for foveal and peripheral vision along the three color axes that isolate retinal ganglion cells projecting to magno, parvo, and konio layers of the LGN. The demonstrations support the eye movement hypothesis for Troxler fading for brightness and color, and demonstrate the effects of flic...

The role of tumor-promoter-induced Na+, K+-ATPase activity in cell proliferation and the extent of coupling of Na+ and K+ movements to cell-cycle control under differing physiological states was examined. Earlier studies indicated that staging of cells in G1 by serum deprivation in the presence of phorbol esters such as phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) induced a state(s) in which postconfl...

Many studies suggest that migratory guidance cues within the developing brain are diverse across many regions. To better understand the early development and differentiation of select brain regions, an in vitro method was developed using selected inbred and transgenic strains of embryonic mice. In particular, organotypic slices are used to test factors that influence the movements of neurons du...

mirror movement is an interesting but often overlooked neurological soft sign;these movements are described as simultaneous contralateral, involuntary, identical movements that accompany voluntary movements. this neurologic problem is very rarely seen in children; in familial cases there is a positive history of these movements in parents, diminishing with time. here, we have presented the case...

The flocculus and ventral paraflocculus are adjacent regions of the cerebellar cortex that are essential for controlling smooth pursuit eye movements and for altering the performance of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). The question addressed in this study is whether these regions of the cerebellum are more globally involved in controlling gaze, regardless of whether eye or active head movemen...

Striatal dysfunction plays an important role in dystonia, but the striatal cell types that contribute to abnormal movements are poorly defined. We demonstrate that conditional deletion of the DYT1 dystonia protein torsinA in embryonic progenitors of forebrain cholinergic and GABAergic neurons causes dystonic-like twisting movements that emerge during juvenile CNS maturation. The onset of these ...

Calcium compartments and fluxes were measured by kinetic analyses in kidney cell suspensions in a three-compartment closed system. The fast phase influx and compartment size increase linearly with the medium calcium and the half-time of exchange is only 1.3 min which suggests that the fast component is extracellular. The slow phase compartment rises linearly from 0.1 to 0.5 mmole calcium/kg cel...

Measurements were made of the sodium outflux rate constant, (o)k(Na), and sodium influx rate constant, (i)k(Na), at varying concentrations of extracellular (Na(o)) and intracellular (Na(c)) sodium. (o)k(Na) increases with increasing [Na(o)] in the presence of extracellular potassium (K(o)) and in solutions containing ouabain. In K-free solutions which do not contain ouabain, (o)k(Na) falls as [...

There is an infinite number of interactions between morphogenetic processes of different time and space scales. How do these unfold in a regular series of mass morphogenetic movements to produce a basically simple and reproducible structure? I present a new morphogenetic concept -- the spatial unfolding (SU) of cell movements, whose definition rests on the correspondence between the continuous ...

This study aims at investigation of stimulation by using intra-spinal signals decoded from electrocorticography (ECoG) assessments to restore the movements of the leg in an animal model of spinal cord injury (SCI). The present work comprised of three steps. First, ECoG signals and the associated leg joint changes (hip, knee, and ankle) in sedated healthy rabbits were recorded in different trial...