Background: Chemo-immunotherapy is one of the new achievements for treatment of cancer, by which the success of anti-cancer therapy can be increased. In vitro studies have been shown that Arteether (ARE) induces apoptosis in tumor cells, but not in normal cells. Objective: To investigate the cytotoxic and immunomodulatory properties of Arteether in-vivo and in-vitro. Methods: In this study, we ...

We address here the role of CD4 T cell cooperation in the activation of CD4 T cells. Administration of aggregated hen egg lysozyme (HEL) without microbial adjuvant to BALB/c mice normally generates cytokine-producing CD4 T cells specific for the HEL major peptide, HEL(105-120), as well as CD4 T cells specific for HEL non-major peptides. The prior administration of HEL(105-120) ablates the gener...

Cellular activation is critical for the propagation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. It has been suggested that truly naive CD4(+) T cells are resistant to productive HIV-1 infection because of their constitutive resting state. Memory and naive CD4(+) T-cell subsets from 11 HIV-1-infected individuals were isolated ex vivo by a combination of magnetic bead depletion and ...

Decreased CD4(+) T cell counts are the best marker of disease progression during HIV infection. However, CD4(+) T cells are heterogeneous in phenotype and function, and it is unknown how preferential depletion of specific CD4(+) T cell subsets influences disease severity. CD4(+) T cells can be classified into three subsets by the expression of receptors for two T cell-tropic cytokines, IL-2 (CD...

CTL responses induced during most viral infections are independent of help derived from the CD4+ T cell population. However, clearance of virus from the central nervous system (CNS) during infection with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus is inhibited in the absence of CD4+ T cells. Adoptive transfer of activated CD8+ T cells with virus-specific cytolytic activity into CD4+ T c...

Signals through the OX40 costimulatory receptor on naive CD4 T cells are essential for full-fledged CD4 T cell activation and the generation of CD4 memory T cells. Because the ligand for OX40 is mainly expressed by APCs, including activated B cells, dendritic cells, and Langerhans cells, the OX40-OX40 ligand (OX40L) interaction has been thought to participate in T cell-APC interactions. Althoug...

The peripheral Foxp3(+) Treg pool consists of naturally arising Treg (nTreg) and adaptive Treg cells (iTreg). It is well known that naive CD4(+) T cells can be readily converted to Foxp3(+) iTreg in vitro, and memory CD4(+) T cells are resistant to conversion. In this study, we investigated the induction of Foxp3(+) T cells from various CD4(+) T-cell subsets in human peripheral blood. Though na...

Abstract There may be immunologic alternations during Tourette syndrome (TS) development. This study aimed to determine the immune function changes in different aspects (spleen or thymus index, plasma cytokines, and T cell) an 3,3′‐iminodipropionitrile (IDPN)‐induced rat model of TS. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were assigned control TS groups. The group received intraperitoneal infections normal s...

MHC class II-expressing thymocytes can efficiently mediate positive selection of CD4 T cells in mice. Thymocyte-selected CD4 (T-CD4) T cells have an innate-like phenotype similar to invariant NKT cells. To investigate the development and function of T-CD4 T cells in-depth, we cloned TCR genes from T-CD4 T cells and generated transgenic mice. Remarkably, positive selection of T-CD4 TCR transgeni...