This report (NUREG/CR-6427) addresses the Direct Containment Heating (DCH) issue for all Westinghouse plants with ice condenser containments. There are ten operating ice condenser plants located at five sites in the U.S. DCH phenomena in ice condenser plants are different in some important aspects from DCH phenomena in other Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) in that they have ice beds to suppre...

An Exergy method for theoretical analysis of a traditional vapour-compression refrigeration system equipped with liquid vapour heat exchanger (lvhe) for HFO-1234yf (2, 3, 3, 3-Tetrafluoropropene) and HFO-1234ze (trans-1, 3, 3, 3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene), both ultra low Global Warming Potential(GWP) and zero Ozone Depletion Potential(ODP) refrigerants and comparison of the results with HFC-134a re...

What we believe to be a new illumination scheme that achieves space invariance and permits analytical determination of the image intensity distribution is proposed for partially coherent imaging systems. No additional lenses are needed for phase correction in front of the object and no restriction on illumination coherence is required. Conditions on the axial placement of the condenser with res...

This paper presents an engineering application of optimization method for energy conservation in condenser water loop operation in HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning) systems. Based on the analysis of component model characteristics and interactions within the cooling tower and between towers and chillers, an objective function, which minimizes the operating costs through optimal s...

The condenser is a critical component in compact water-window x-ray microscopes as it influences the exposure time via its efficiency and the resolution via its numerical aperture. Normal-incidence multilayer mirrors can reach large geometrical collection efficiencies and match the numerical aperture of the zone plate but require advanced processing for high total reflectivity. In the present a...

The performance of a modified design of local condensers to pre-treat a variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from the stripping process of a semiconductor fab was tested in this study. The reaction temperature of the condensers was controlled at around 10 degrees C, it is relatively higher than the traditional condenser reaction temperature. Both VOCs and water vapors were conde...