Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy with high sensitivity and high three- dimensional resolution has been developed for the vibrational imaging of chemical species. Due to the coherent nature of the CARS emission, it has been reported that the detection of epi-CARS and forward-CARS (F-CARS) signals depends on the size and shape of the sample. We investigate theoretically and...

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been employed as a model organism to study human obesity due to the conservation of the pathways that regulate energy metabolism. To assay for fat storage in C. elegans, a number of fat-soluble dyes have been employed including BODIPY, Nile Red, Oil Red O, and Sudan Black. However, dye-labeled assays produce results that often do not correlate with fat st...

Statistical mechanics of a small system of cars on a single-lane road is developed. The system is not characterized by a Hamiltonian but by a conditional probability of a velocity of a car for the given velocity and distance of the car ahead. Distribution of car velocities for various densities of a group of cars are derived as well as probabilities of density fluctuations of the group for diff...

We estimate the effect of gasoline prices on short-run equilibrium prices and sales of new and used cars of different fuel economies. We find that gasoline prices have larger effects on the prices of used cars than of new cars, but that they have large effects on market shares and sales of new cars. We use our findings to estimate a component of the effect of an environmental tax on gasoline, a...

We investigate a microscopical structure in a chain of cars waiting at a red signal on signal-controlled crossroads. Presented is an one-dimensional space-continuous thermodynamical model leading to an excellent agreement with the data measured. Moreover, we demonstrate that an inter-vehicle spacing distribution disclosed in relevant traffic data agrees with the thermal-balance distribution of ...

We demonstrate three-dimensional vibrational imaging of director structures in liquid crystals using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering sCARSd polarized microscopy. Spatial mapping of the structures is based on sensitivity of a polarized CARS signal to the orientation of anisotropic molecules in liquid crystals. As an example, we study structures in a smectic material and demonstrate that si...

When traveling in cars, we can unintentionally carry and disperse weed seed; but which species, and where are they a problem? To answer these questions, we systematically searched the scientific literature to identify all original research studies that assess seed transported by cars and listed the species with seed on/in cars. From the 13 studies that fit these criteria, we found 626 species f...

The recently developed Coherent Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (CARS) microscopy and Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) microscopy have provided new methods to visualize the localization and regulation of biological molecules without the use of invasive and potentially perturbative labels. They allow rapid imaging of specific molecules with high resolution and sensitivity. These tools have been ef...

In the Page parking (or packing) model on a discrete interval (also known as the discrete Rényi packing problem or the unfriendly seating problem), cars of length two successively park uniformly at random on pairs of adjacent places, until only isolated places remain. We use a probabilistic construction of the Page parking to give a short proof of the (known) fact that the proportion of the int...

This paper reports the development of a highly parameterised 3-D model able to adopt the shapes of a wide variety of different classes of vehicles (cars, vans, buses, etc), and its subsequent specialisation to a generic car class which accounts for most commonly encountered types of car (includng saloon, hatchback and estate cars). An interactive tool has been developed to obtain sample data fo...