‎The Steiner distance of a graph‎, ‎introduced by Chartrand‎, ‎Oellermann‎, ‎Tian and Zou in 1989‎, ‎is a natural generalization of the‎ ‎concept of classical graph distance‎. ‎For a connected graph $G$ of‎ ‎order at least $2$ and $Ssubseteq V(G)$‎, ‎the Steiner‎ ‎distance $d(S)$ among the vertices of $S$ is the minimum size among‎ ‎all connected subgraphs whose vertex sets contain $S$‎. ‎Let $...

The current hypothesis regarding the mechanics of breathing in crocodylians is that the double-headed ribs, with both a capitulum and tuberculum, rotate about a constrained axis passing through the two articulations; moreover, this axis shifts in the caudal thoracic ribs, as the vertebral parapophysis moves from the centrum to the transverse process. Additionally, the ventral ribcage in crocody...

Over years of evolution, Mother Nature is able to produce precise, differentiable and intriguing morphologies in biological systems. The mechanisms underpinning the formation of these fascinating shapes and patterns have evoked scientists’ interests for centuries. While there is no doubt that the biological and genetic factors significantly influence morphogenesis, the active role of physics an...

In his monograph on Cirripedia from 1851, Darwin pointed to a highly unusual, plateless, and most likely parasitic barnacle of uncertain phylogenetic affinity. Darwin's barnacle was Anelasma squalicola, found on deep-water sharks of the family Etmopteridae, or lantern sharks. The barnacle is uncommon and is therefore rarely studied. Recent observations by us have shown that they occur at an unu...

Accurate spatial location of joint center (JC) is a key issue in motion analysis since JC locations are used to define standardized anatomical frames, in which results are represented. Accurate and reproducible JC location is important for data comparison and data exchange. This paper presents a method for JC locations based on the multiple regression algorithms without preliminary assumption o...

the center (periphery) of a graph is the set of vertices with minimum (maximum)eccentricity. in this paper, the structure of centers and peripheries of some classes ofcomposite graphs are determined. the relations between eccentricity, radius and diameterof such composite graphs are also investigated. as an application we determinethe center and periphery of some chemical graphs such as nanotor...

A cause for spontaneous paralysis of the posterior interosseous nerve has been sought for many years. In recent times an increasing number of reports on this subject has appeared. Sharrard’s (1966) cases were of particular interest because the approach to the problem was direct. If the paralysis did not subside within six weeks, exploration was carried out promptly. He described a fibrous band ...

BACKGROUND The clade Diplogastridae Micoletzky 1922 largely represents the bacterivorous or predatory nematodes that very often demonstrate phoretic, necromenic or parasitic associations with insects (Sudhaus and Fürst von Lieven 2003). That is the reason, much of the diversity of the family remains undocumented because of their absence from routine soil samples. Due to their variable habitats ...

Flowering time of the short-day plant Chrysanthemum morifolium is largely dependent upon daylength, but it is also distinctly influenced by other environmental factors. Flowering is delayed by summer heat. Here, the underlying basis for this phenomenon was investigated. Heat-induced flowering retardation occurred similarly in C. morifolium and C. seticuspe, a wild-type diploid chrysanthemum. In...