Air flow was observed above and within canopies of a number of kinds of soybeans. The Clark cultivar and two isolines of the Harosoy cultivar were studied in 1979 and 1980, respectively. Wind speed above the canopy was measured with cup anemometers. Heated thermistor anemometers were used to measure air flow within the canopy. Above-canopy air flow was characterized in terms of the zero-plane d...

In this study the Building Energy Parameterization Scheme (BEP) (Martilli et al. ) was implemented in the regional Climate Local Model (CLM) which is the climate version of the German Weather Service numerical weather forecast model COSMO (COnsortium for Small-scaleMOdeling) formerly known as “Local Model” (Steppeler et al. ). Currently in the standard CLM cities are parameterized bymea...

The propagation of underwater acoustic signals in polar regions is dominated by an upward refracting sound speed environment and the presence of a dynamic highly variable ice canopy. This paper provides an overview of the acoustic properties of sea ice and assesses the influence of ice canopy and water column properties on acoustic transmission loss for propagation within 20 km of a sound sourc...

Global climate models typically use relatively crude estimates of roughness length, often based on constant values for land cover category. However, large variations may exist within any of the vegetation categories. Global large-scale estimates of roughness length, such as required by climate models, cannot rely on field experiments for practical reasons and must, therefore, be derived from sa...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Maximizing photosynthesis at the canopy level is important for enhancing crop yield, and this requires insights into the limiting factors of photosynthesis. Using greenhouse cucumber (Cucumis sativus) as an example, this study provides a novel approach to quantify different components of photosynthetic limitations at the leaf level and to upscale these limitations to differe...

For active and passive remote sensing of vegetation biomass and underlying soil moisture, it is important to have an accurate physical model and an inverse method that relies on as few parameters as possible. In this paper two new modeling results and one new inverse method will be described. The active/passive response of a quasi periodic canopy such as corn will be treated. It will take into ...

Improving photosynthesis throughout the full canopy rather than photosynthesis of only the top leaves of the canopy is central to improving crop yields. Many canopy photosynthesis models have been developed from physiological and ecological perspectives, however most do not consider heterogeneities of microclimatic factors inside a canopy, canopy dynamics and associated energetics, or competiti...