BACKGROUND Sasang constitutional medicine (SCM) is a unique form of traditional Korean medicine that divides human beings into four constitutional types (Tae-Yang: TY, Tae-Eum: TE, So-Yang: SY, and So-Eum: SE), which differ in inherited characteristics, such as external appearance, personality traits, susceptibility to particular diseases, drug responses, and equilibrium among internal organ fu...

| This work proposes a pair of models for subcutaneous (sc) insulin kinetics. Three sc injections are considered over a 24 hour time period. Each injection delivers both fast and slow insulin, so that a third order system is built, whose components are the fast and slow sc masses of insulin and the plasma insulin concentration. The insulin injections are modeled as impulsive inputs. ODE (Ordina...

The potential role of stem cells in the repair of glomerular and tubular injury is under intensive investigation. Several studies have addressed the role of endogenous bone-marrow (BM)-derived stem cells (SC) in the repair of renal injury. Some reports indicate that BM-derived SC are capable of engraftment into damaged nephrons, although the lineage of SC recruited has not been established. How...

Stochastic accumulator models provide a comprehensive framework for how neural activity could produce behavior. Neural activity within the frontal eye fields (FEFs) and intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (iSC) support such models for saccade initiation by relating variations in saccade reaction time (SRT) to variations in such parameters as baseline, rate of accumulation of activity...

Schwann cells (SC) have a special activity in the repair processes after injury of the nervous system because of the capability of differentiation, migration, proliferation and myelinization of axons. They enhance production of numerous neurotrophic factors, thus creating a permissive environment for axonal regeneration. Experimental studies using SC in neuronal transplants showed that these ce...

In glaucoma, aqueous outflow into the Schlemm's canal (SC) is obstructed. Despite striking structural and functional similarities with the lymphatic vascular system, it is unknown whether the SC is a blood or lymphatic vessel. Here, we demonstrated the expression of lymphatic endothelial cell markers by the SC in murine and zebrafish models as well as in human eye tissue. The initial stages of ...

The state-of-the-art definitions of actual cause by Pearl and Halpern suffer from the modest expressivity of causal models. We develop a new definition of actual cause in the context of situation calculus (SC) basic action theories. As a result, we avoid the paradoxes that arise in causal models and can identify complex actual causes of conditions expressed in first-order logic. We provide a fo...