Context. The Crab nebula and pulsar have been widely used as a calibration source for X-ray instruments. The in-flight effective area calibration of the Reflection Grating Spectrometers (RGS) of XMM-Newton depend upon the availability of reliable calibration sources. Aims. We investigate how the absolute effective area calibration of RGS can be obtained using Crab as a standard candle. Methods....

The current advanced analysis techniques for steel frames generally use structural analyses with geometric and material nonlinearities to capture the collapse strength of frame. Unfortunately, true a frame cannot be predicted accuracy because uncertainties most significant design variables. Building codes structures apply resistance factor account present in variables thus ensure target level r...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We tested the principle of local International Normalized Ratio (INR) calibration using INR calibrator plasmas (PT Calibration Plasma Kit, Behring), two thomboplastin reagents (Neoplastin plus, rabbit brain, Stago, and Recombiplastin, recombinant human tissue factor, Ortho Diagnostics) and the same coagulometer (STA, Stago) on 92 patients on stable oral anticoagulant t...

The measurements repeat 10 times, and the averages of the error measures are listed in Table III. As can be seen in Table III, the orientation errors of the planar features are all very small. The average absolute position error using the linear method is 82.62 m, and the average location error of planar features is 53.12 m. Using the proposed method, the average absolute position error is redu...

background: two protocols of aapm tg-51 and iaea trs-398 were compared followed by a measurement and monte carlo simulation of beam quality correction factor, kq, aapm tg-51 and iaea trs-398 protocols were compared for the absorbed dose to water for dw, and kq parameters. materials and methods: dose measurements by either protocols were performed with cylindrical and plane parallel chambers for...