Physiological novelties are often studied at macro-evolutionary scales such that their micro-evolutionary origins remain poorly understood. Here, we test the hypothesis that key components of a complex trait can evolve in isolation and later be combined by gene flow. We use C4 photosynthesis as a study system, a derived physiology that increases plant productivity in warm, dry conditions. The g...

C4 photosynthesis characteristically features a cell-specific localization of enzymes involved in CO2 assimilation in bundle sheath cells (BSC) or mesophyll cells. Interestingly, enzymes of sulfur assimilation are also specifically present in BSC of maize and many other C4 species. This localization, however, could not be confirmed in C4 species of the genus Flaveria. It was, therefore, conclud...

Kranz anatomy, with its separation of elements of the C4 pathway between two cells, has been an accepted criterion for function of C4 photosynthesis in terrestrial plants. However, Bienertia cycloptera (Chenopodiaceae), which grows in salty depressions of Central Asian semi-deserts, has unusual chlorenchyma, lacks Kranz anatomy, but has photosynthetic features of C4 plants. Its photosynthetic r...

The LNCaP and C4-2B cell lines form an excellent preclinical model to study the development of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, since C4-2B cells were derived from a bone metastasis that grew in nude mice after inoculation with the LNCaP-derived, castration-resistant C4-2 cells. Exome sequencing detected 2188 and 3840 mutations in LNCaP and C4-2B cells, respectively, of which 17...

A graph is called H-free if it contains no copy of H. An old result of Kleitman and Winston [12] states that there are 2Θ(n 3/2) C4-free graphs on n vertices. Füredi [8] showed that almost all C4-free graphs of order n have at least c · ex(n, C4) edges for some positive constant c > 0. We prove that there is an ε > 0 such that almost all C4-free graphs have at most (1 − ε) · ex(n, C4) edges. Th...

Serum complement (C3, C4) levels in Libyan patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI; 31 patients) and angina pectoris (AP; 11 patients) at the 1st day and 7th day of attack were estimated. A group of 26 healthy Libyans were taken as control subjects (CS). Serum C3 and C4 levels (mean +/- SD, mg/dl) were elevated at the 1st day in AMI as well as AP patients (C3 --> AMI1: 154.0 +/- 28.5, AP...

Internal image anti-idiotypic antibodies are capable of mimicking tumor-associated antigens and thus may serve as surrogate for vaccination strategies in cancer patients. The monoclonal antibody (mAb) 6G6.C4 mimics an epitope specific for the human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and generates a CEA-specific response (Ab3) in various experimental animals. In humans, however, 6G6.C4 only yields a...

The S region of H-2 controls a polymorphism of the gamma-chain of C4 (gamma 1, gamma 2, and gamma 3) as shown by differences in their isoelectric points. The G region of H-2 was defined by the presence of an alloantigen (H-2.7) on erythrocytes and serum. We found that antisera to H-2.7 immunoprecipitated C4 and no other protein from mouse EDTA-plasma. Furthermore, all H-2.7-positive strains bea...

Grasses with the C3 photosynthetic pathway are commonly considered to be more nutritious host plants than C4 grasses, but the nutritional quality of C3 grasses is also more greatly impacted by elevated atmospheric CO2 than is that of C4 grasses; C3 grasses produce greater amounts of nonstructural carbohydrates and have greater declines in their nitrogen content than do C4 grasses under elevated...