Kornell and Bjork (Psychological science 19:585-592, 2008) found that interleaving exemplars of different categories enhanced inductive learning of the concepts based on those exemplars. They hypothesized that the benefit of mixing exemplars from different categories is that doing so highlights differences between the categories. Kang and Pashler (Applied cognitive psychology 26:97-103, 2012) o...

--The growth and development of four species of oak, planted at five spacings in a minor stream bottom in southeast Arkansas, illustrate differences among ,species and by spacing. Spacing and species affected all tree size and biomass variables except survival. Water oak developed most rapidly, while swamp chestnut oak developed most slowly. Tenyear results show that all ·four oak species can b...

Spaced presentations of to-be-learned items during encoding leads to superior long-term retention over massed presentations. Despite over a century of research, the psychological and neural basis of this spacing effect however is still under investigation. To test the hypotheses that the spacing effect results either from reduction in encoding-related verbal maintenance rehearsal in massed rela...

Pigeons were exposed to a repeated acquisition procedure in which no delays were imposed and rate of responding was relatively high. They also were exposed to conditions in which delays were arranged between trials within chains or between completed chains, and rates of responding were lower. Number of trials, rate of reinforcement, difficulty of the discrimination, and motivating operations we...

Three experiments investigated the loci of contextual effects in judgment. Experiment 1 demonstrated the effect of stimulus spacing on category ratings and magnitude estimations of the darkness of dot patterns. Variations in the stimulus spacing were shown to affect both category ratings and magnitude estimations in a similar fashion. Experiment 2 was designed to determine whether contextual ef...

Four-year-olds' sensitivity to differences among faces in the spacing of features was tested under 4 task conditions: judging distinctiveness when the external contour was visible and when it was occluded, simultaneous match-to-sample, and recognizing the face of a friend. In each task, the foil differed only in the spacing of features, and spacing alterations were within normal limits. Childre...

The limit distribution of energy level spacing is studied for the system of two harmonic oscillators with generic ratio of frequencies. It is proved that for any fixed generic ratio e no limit distribution exists, but for random e with any absolutely continuous distribution p(e)de on [0, 1] a universal random limit distribution of the energy level spacing exists. Some properties of the random l...

I f Al Gore invented the information superhighway, then President Bush ought to be able to raise the speed limit. Or so Bush seemed to be saying on Friday when he called for extending high-speed Internet to every U.S. home within three years. “This country needs a national goal for broadband technology, for the spread of broadband technology,” Bush said while campaigning in Albuquerque. “We oug...

Male grigs, bush crickets and crickets produce mating calls by tegminal stridulation: the scraping together of modified forewings functioning as sound generators. Bush crickets (Tettigoniidae) and crickets (Gryllinae) diverged some 240 million years ago, with each lineage developing unique characteristics in wing morphology and the associated mechanics of stridulation. The grigs (Prophalangopsi...

the widely shocking attacks on the world trade center and the pentagon on september 11 was interpreted differently by various institutions worldwide, ranging from america's legitimate motive to begin a 'war on terror' to defend her 'very freedom', to a pretext for bush administration to pursue g. h. w. bush's temptation for 'a new world order'. various institutions, therefore, made use of their...