To establish a rat model of an open craniocerebral injury at simulated high altitude and to examine the characteristics of this model. Rats were divided randomly into a normobaric group and a high-altitude group and their corresponding control groups. A rat model of an open craniocerebral injury was established with a nail gun shot. Simulated high-altitude conditions were established with a hyp...

Background: Brain hypoxia-ischemia is a human neonatal injury that is considered a candidate for stem cell therapy. Methods: The possible therapeutic potential of human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) stem cells was evaluated in 14-day-old rats subjected to the right common carotid occlusion, a model of neonatal brain hypoxia-ischemia. Seven days after hypoxia-ischemia, rats received either saline ...

introduction: appropriate thyroid hormone (th) levels are essential during the critical period of brain development, which is associated with the growth of axons and dendrites and synapse formation. in rats, oral motor circuits begin to reach to their adult pattern around 3 weeks after birth, the period in which alteration from sucking to biting and chewing occurs (weaning time). trigeminal mot...

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) leading to 5 million deaths annually is 1 of the 5 major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In Iran, accidents are the main cause of death in youth as well as a dominant factor in reducing quality of life. In developing countries TBI incidence as one of the worst consequences of these accidents is growing due to wide use of motor-vehicles. Therapeutic stra...

Massive fourth ventricle hemorrhage obstructs cerebrospinal fluid pathways and can also cause compression of the brain stem. In this report, a 5-year-old girl with fourth ventricle haemorrhage compressing the brain stem is presented. The fourth ventricle haemorrhage was evacuated surgically and the patient showed significant postoperative improvement. Massive fourth ventricle hemorrhage can dir...

A young woman with pre-eclampsia became unresponsive shortly after delivery. Examination revealed extensive brain stem dysfunction with absent pupillary light reflexes and decerebrate posturing. Computed tomography showed hypodensity throughout the brain stem, and it was initially thought that she had suffered catastrophic brain stem infarction. However, magnetic resonance diffusion imaging and...

Spreading depression (SD) resembles a concerted, massive neuronal/glial depolarization propagating within the gray matter. Being associated with cerebropathology, such as cerebral ischemia or hemorrhage, epileptic seizures, and migraine, it is well studied in cortex and hippocampus. We have now analyzed the susceptibility of rat brain stem to hypoxia-induced spreading depression-like depolariza...

HEN THE HEAD END of the central nervous system became preoccupied in phylogeny with behavior of the individual as a whole, as contrasted with that within component segments, the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum were appended to the outside of the cranial neuraxis and, at the same time, a considerable volume of neural tissue was added to its interior, in what is known as the reticular formati...

Brain tumors are among the most aggressive and intractable types of cancer. Recent studies indicate that brain tumor cells resemble neural stem cells in terms of phenotype, signaling, and behavior in vitro. In light of these similarities, it has been suggested that brain tumors arise from stem cells, that they co-opt stem cell strategies for self-renewal, and even that they contain "cancer stem...