conclusions ferulago angulata extract, because of its antioxidant activities, is probably capable of removing free radicals and oxidant substances from brain and thus it can improve behavioral disorders in brain hypoperfusion ischemia model. results it was found that the administration of 400 mg/kg hydroalcoholic extract of f. angulate for two weeks after brain hypoperfusion ischemia increased ...

Brain–body interactions (BBIs) have been the focus of intense scrutiny since inception scientific method, playing a foundational role in earliest debates over philosophy science. Contemporary investigations BBIs to elucidate neural principles motor control benefited from advances neuroimaging, device engineering, and signal processing. However, these studies generally suffer two major limitatio...

In the 1960s, discovery of pleasure system (defined as reward system) in the brain that may underlie drug reward and addiction encouraged many scientists to investigate the mechanisms by which drug abuse affects central nervous system function. In this regard, investigators developed several drugs targeting the brain reward system for drug dependence therapy. However, no positive results obtain...

Questions in neuroscience can be divided roughly into two types: What does the brain do, and how it do it? I argue that answering first question—the central one for cognitive science—behavior is often more revealing than are neuroscientific measurements. Moreover, even “how” questions about neural mechanisms, a well-crafted behavioral paradigm offer deeper insight stronger constraints on comput...

Endurance exercise improves cardiovascular and musculoskeletal function and may also increase the information processing capacities of the brain. Animal and human research from the past decade demonstrated widespread exercise effects on brain structure and function at the systems-, cellular-, and molecular level of brain organization. These neurobiological mechanisms may explain the well-establ...

In vivo electrophysiology is a powerful technique to investigate the relationship between brain activity and behavior at a millisecond and micrometer scale. However, current methods mostly rely on tethered cable recordings or only use unidirectional systems, allowing either recording or stimulation of neural activity, but not at the same time or same target. Here, a new wireless, bidirectional ...