Botulinum toxin type A is a high molecular weight protein complex containing active neurotoxin and complexing proteins, the latter of which, it is believed, protect the neurotoxin when in the gastrointestinal tract, and may facilitate its absorption. Comparisons of conventional botulinum toxin type A drugs that include complexing proteins with the complexing protein-free formulation of Xeomin(®...

BACKGROUND Trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by paroxysmal facial pain attacks. Adequate prophylactic drug therapy is often limited by the lack of efficacy and intolerance due to central nervous system side effects. Subcutaneous injections of botulinum toxin type A are a promising treatment option for patients with unsatisfactory response to drug therapy or neurosurgical intervention. Its e...

abstract how to cite this article: eryılmaz a, başal y, günel c, ozkul a, tosun a. successful treatment of essential palatal tremor lasting over a long term with a rare application of botulinum toxin in a child. iran j child neurol. autumn 2015;9(4): 75-77. abstract objective attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) is one of the most prevalent mental health disorders. in recent years, t...

OBJECTIVE Use of botulinum toxin is expanding as clinical studies demonstrate new potential therapeutic applications. In rehabilitation, botulinum toxin is predominantly used as adjunct therapy for the treatment of spasticity, but it may prove useful for other atypical clinical situations. CASE HISTORY A 73-year-old man had a severe sub-arachnoid haemorrhage following the rupture of a giant a...

conclusions these finding showed that dysport can be significantly effective in reducing the amount of saliva for 18 weeks. results in this study, the effect of dysport on the amount of drooling of the participants at the sixth, 12th, and 18th weeks after treatment was significantly decreased (p value of 0.00016, 0.0001, and 0.00011, respectively). however, after 24 weeks, this difference was n...

Clostridium botulinum is a genetically diverse Gram-positive bacterium producing extremely potent neurotoxins (botulinum neurotoxins A through G [BoNT/A-G]). The complete genome sequences of three strains harboring only the BoNT/A1 nucleotide sequence are publicly available. Although these strains contain a toxin cluster (HA(+) OrfX(-)) associated with hemagglutinin genes, little is known about...

All reported cases of infant botulism except one have been caused by proteolytic strains (group I) of Clostridium botulinum, toxin types A or B. We describe the cultural and biochemical characteristics of the causative organism of this singular case of infant botulism, caused by type F botulinal toxin. Although this organism produces type F botulinal toxin, it is quite different from proteolyti...