The botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT, serotypes A-G) are some of the most toxic proteins known and are the causative agents of botulism. Following exposure, the neurotoxin binds and enters peripheral cholinergic nerve endings and specifically and selectively cleaves one or more SNARE proteins to produce flaccid paralysis. This review centers on the kinetics of the Zn-dependent proteolytic activities...

Botulinum neurotoxins are known to be among the most toxic known substances. They produce severe paralysis by preventing the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Thus, new strategies for efficient production of safe and effective anti-botulinum neurotoxin antisera have been a high priority. Here we describe the use of DNA electrotransfer into the skeletal muscle to enhance an...

The genus Clostridium comprises a heterogeneous group of organisms for which the phylogeny and evolutionary relationships are poorly understood. The elucidation of these evolutionary relationships necessitates the use of experimental methods that can distinguish Clostridium lineages that are time and cost effective, and can be accurately and reproducibly employed in different laboratories. Mult...

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), a product of Clostridium botulinum, reversibly inhibits the presynaptic release neurotransmitter acetylcholine at neuromuscular junction. In addition, BoNT blocks transmission other substances involved in pain perception and, together with soft-tissue anti-inflammatory effect, may play role analgesia. When first-line treatment fails, second-line therapies might incl...

Botulinum neurotoxins and tetanus are the strongest known toxins that cause neuroparalytic syndromes in botulism tetanus. This review aimed to systematize scientific data on structures mechanism of actions botulinum neurotoxins. proteins containing functional domains responsible for receptor binding, transmembrane translocation, proteolytic cleavage required exocytosis synaptic vesicles release...

BACKGROUND Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are considered to be the most toxic substances known on earth and are responsible for human botulism, a life-threatening disease characterized by flaccid muscle paralysis that occurs naturally by food-poisoning or colonization of the gastrointestinal tract by BoNT-producing clostridia. BoNTs have been classified as category A agent by the Centers of Dise...

Since onabotulinumtoxinA for nonsurgical aesthetic enhancement of glabellar lines was initially reported, the popularity of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) products among both clinicians and consumers has rapidly grown, and we have seen several additional BoNT formulations enter the market. As the demand for minimally invasive cosmetic procedures continues to increase, we will see the introduction ...

Background: Food-born botulism is caused by ingestion of contaminated food with clostridium botulinum neurotoxin. Case: In food-born botulism, due to acetylcholine release blockade, neuromuscular signs and symptoms are common, but in this case report we present a food-born botulism with papiledema and venous sinus thrombosis. Conclusion: Papiledema and fever could not rule out the diagnosis...