This master’s thesis gives a brief overview of mathematical modelling of traffic flow from different perspectives. Focus lies on the fluid flow analogy first derived by Lighthill, Whitham and Richards (LWR) in the 1950’s which treats a traffic stream as a compressible one-dimensional fluid. The LWR theory is applied to bottleneck queueing situations, more specifically to junctions with one outg...

Statistical, parsing, database, and other methods of bringing contextual information to bear on the recognition task are described in a uniform framework in which the central data structure mediating between the recognition and the contextual components is a segment lattice, a directed graph that contains the alternative segments and their confidence/probability ranking. Explicit measures of th...

Two trends suggest that one-sided message network contention is poised to become a cause of concern for scientific application developers. First, there is an increased interest in one-sided messages motivated by Global Address Space (GAS) programming models such as Unified Parallel C (UPC) [1], Co-Array Fortran (CAF) [2], [3], Global Arrays [4], and Chapel [5]. The GAS programming model provide...

Queueing theory has been extensively used since 70’s to carry out performance evaluations of complex computer systems. However, handling the complexity of modern computer networks with thousands of servers and millions of customers is still a challenge. Indeed, although the identification of product-form queueing networks has promoted the development of computationally tractable exact solution ...

Traffic congestion is usually observed at the upper streams of bottlenecks like tunnels. Congestion appears as stop-and-go waves and high density uniform flow. We perform simulations of traffic flow with a bottleneck using the coupled map optimal velocity model. The bottleneck is expressed as a road segment with speed reduction. The emergence of stop-andgo waves depends on the speed reduction i...

The subject of payment technology is central to e-business applications. Payment technologies' main role is to facilitate transactions by saving time and providing cost effectiveness, value for money, and flexibility for consumers. Payment Technologies for E-Commerce provides brings to light electronic payment systems that serve as the backbone for payments made electronically. The book also em...

There is a growing interest in discovering Internet path characteristics using end-to-end measurements. However, the current mechanisms for performing this task either send probe traffic, or require the sender to cooperate by time stamping the packets or sending them back-to-back. Furthermore, most of these techniques require the packets to carry sequence numbers to detect losses, and a few of ...

This paper proposes an alternative to mathematical morphology to analyze complex shapes. This approach aims mainly at the detection of shape bottlenecks which are often of interest in medical imaging because of their anatomical meaning. The detection idea consists in simulating the steady state of an information transmission process between two parts of a complex object in order to highlight bo...

Population bottlenecks are assumed to play a key role in the maintenance of social traits in microbes. Ecological parameters such as colonisation or disturbances can favour cooperation through causing population bottlenecks that enhance genetic structuring (relatedness). However, the size of the population bottleneck is likely to play a crucial role in determining the success of cooperation. Re...