It has been shown that GABAA receptor blockade in the dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei (DMH and VMH, respectively) induces elaborated defensive behavioural responses accompanied by antinociception, which has been utilized as an experimental model of panic attack. Furthermore, the prelimbic (PL) division of the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) has been related to emotional reactio...

Aim: Repeated microinjections of non-opioid analgesics into the midbrain periaqueductal gray matter and rostral ventro-medial medulla induce antinociception with development of tolerance. Antinociception following systemic administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (N SAIDs) also exhibit tolerance. Presently our aim was to investigate the development of tolerance to the antinocicep...

OBJECTIVE To acquire parameters for stereotaxis of the mandibular nerve initial point of the trigemenial ganglion (TG) and to test the accuracy of the acquired parameters for microinjection into the mandibular nerve initial point of TG in adult rats. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats (260-270 g) were mounted onto a stereotaxic frame. The bregma was set as an anchor point and the three-dimensional p...

The effect of sequential blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors with DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP-5) and non-NMDA receptors with 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3 dione (DNQX) in the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) on the cardiovascular responses to electrical stimulation (ES) of the aortic depressor nerve (ADN) was evaluated in awake rats. Two protocols were used. In protoc...

BACKGROUND The areas of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST) with a high density of estrogen receptors are involved in cardiovascular regulation and send axonal projections to the rostroventrolateral medulla (RVLM). We aimed to find the contribution of the RVLM to cardiovascular responses elicited by glutamate microinjection into the BST. METHODS Experiments were done in α-chloralose...

The number of laboratories using the free living nematode C. elegans is rapidly growing. The popularity of this biological model is attributed to a rapid generation time and short life span, easy and inexpensive maintenance, fully sequenced genome, and array of RNAi resources and mutant animals. Additionally, analysis of the C. elegans genome revealed a great similarity between worms and higher...