A p/2 and 5p/2 twist bistable nematic liquid crystal cell is optimized in optics by a parameter space approach. The cell possesses good contrast ratio, a preferable dDn value, a wide viewing angle, and black–white display. Three switching wave forms can be used to switch the cell between p/2 and 5p/2 twist states. Controlling the selection voltage amplitude can provide gray scales for the cell....

Color constancy depends on sensitivity to change in both illumination spectral properties and object position. We investigated this latter form of color constancy by asking a cerebral achromatopsic to name the colors of papers that were presented atop black, gray or white backgrounds under identical illumination. Comparison of color names across background conditions reveals poor constancy, cha...

Black, white, or gray: how different (or similar) are YODA and the The Spine Journal reviews of BMP-2? Christopher M. Bono, MD*, F. Todd Wetzel, MD, on behalf of the North American Spine Society Executive Committee, endorsed by the North American Spine Society Section on Biologics Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA ...

Quadtrees are a data structure used to represent two dimensional shapes[Sam84]. Each node in the tree represents a physical area, usually a square or triangle, which can be subdivided into four similar shapes. Nodes are marked with values representing whether the node is in the area, out of the area, or partially contain the area. These values are traditionally denoted, BLACK, WHITE, and GRAY, ...

Corynebacterium vaginale (Haemophilus vaginalis) does not reduce potassium tellurite. When a 1% aqueous solution of tellurite is added to starch agar plates previously inoculated with vaginal discharge material, other starch-fermenting and most non-starch-fermenting bacteria rapidly reduce tellurite to produce black or gray colonies. This test is a useful adjunct to methods for rapid presumptiv...

A general dark-soliton solution of the Helmholtz equation (with defocusing Kerr nonlinearity) that has on- and off-axis, gray and black, paraxial and Helmholtz solitons as particular solutions, is reported. Modifications to soliton transverse velocity, width, phase period, and existence conditions are derived and explained in geometrical terms. Simulations verify analytical predictions and also...

glucose levels over all experiments, mild hyperglycemia(black), mild hypoglycemia (blue), hypoglycemia(green), severe hypoglycemia (red) and hyperglycemic recovery (gray). When plasma glucose and brain glucose were significant lower than those at euglycemic levels using student paired t-test, significant changes in metabolites were observed and indicated with significance levels: ”*” as p<0.01,...

This tutorial examines how people of various cultures classify different colors as belonging together under common color names. This is addressed by examining Berlin and Kay’s (1969) hierarchical classification scheme. Special attention is paid to the additional five (derived) color terms (i.e., brown, purple, pink, orange, and gray) that must be added to Herings’ six primaries (i.e., white, bl...