This paper introduces a threat model for ad hoc networks. It indicates components that can be used to form an adversary model for sensor networks and mobile ad hoc networks (MANETS). It identifies threat categories, modes of use, and a variety of threats to the systems assets including: threats to communications, threats to infrastructure services, threats to individual nodes, and threats conce...

our country, iran, is in the category of waterless and survived countries because of lack of climate downfalls to its unsuitable local to temporal transmittance. environmental concerns mainly after 1960s that have boon seriously proposed in universal politics, created a variety of assessments. in the late decades, environmental change such as: climate change, has caused chief challenges for the...

Many populations of marine megafauna, including seabirds, sea turtles, marine mammals, and elasmobranchs, have declined in recent decades due largely to anthropogenic mortality. To successfully conserve these long-lived animals, efforts must be prioritized according to feasibility and the degree to which they address threats with the highest relative impacts on population dynamics. Recently, Wi...

To reduce the accelerating rate of phylogenetic diversity loss, many studies have searched for mechanisms that could explain why certain species are at risk, whereas others are not. In particular, it has been demonstrated that species might be affected by both extrinsic threat factors as well as intrinsic biological traits that could render a species more sensitive to extinction; here, we focus...

Dissemination of microbial resistance to biocides, including disinfectants, is one the acute problem, which poses biological and economic threats all countries in world. Understanding mechanisms disinfectants a necessary scientific basis for searching ways overcome it. Despite wide use developing bacterial them has been less studied than antibiotics. This review presents data on main molecular ...

February 2014 witnessed two remarkable public health events’ start on Earth: The first case of Ebola outbreak in West Africa was confirmed. A total number of suspected and confirmed cases in the Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (EHF) outbreak had increased to 28,637 cases, including 15,249 laboratory-confirmed cases and 11,324 deaths in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Nigeria, Mali, Senegal, Spain, and t...

The fungus Ustilago maydis represents one of the major threats to maize plants since it is responsible for corn smut disease, which generates considerable economical losses around world. Therefore, contributing a better understanding biochemistry defense mechanisms used by U. protect itself against harsh environments, such as synthesis melanin, could provide improved biological tools tackling p...

February 2014 witnessed the start of two remarkable public health events on Earth: The Ebola outbreak and the launch of Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA). Since the first case of the Ebola outbreak in West Africa was confirmed, the total number of suspected and confirmed cases in the Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) outbreak has increased to 13,268, including 8168 laboratory-confirmed cases and...

security building processes after world war ii, were under the influence of realistic thoughts. this was considered a reaction to idealistic and institutional approaches. critical school attempted to criticize classical and structural realism. new security theoreticians emphasize on extended subjects and diverse threats and believe it to be beyond the competition of countries. they believe that...

There are a lot of researches in the world about attacks on information systems (IS). Although there have been many attempts to classify threats of IS’s especially in Health Information Systems (HIS), it is still necessary for all health organization to identify new threats and their sources which threaten security of health care domain. The main aim of this paper is to present a research agend...