Today’s fungal plant disease control efforts tend towards environmentally friendly and reduced chemical applications. While traditional broad-spectrum fungicides provide efficient protection to many field crops, they pose a risk the soil’s beneficial microflora potential health hazard. Moreover, their intensive use often evokes appearance of resistant pathogens. On other hand, biocontrol agents...

Biological multi-agent systems such as animal herds, insect colonies and fish schools provide a lot of insight into the study and design of artificial multi-agent systems such as teams of autonomous mobile robots. Similarly, a lot can be learned about biological systems by borrowing design and analysis tools from multi-agent robotics. In this paper some recent work in the area of multi-agent ro...

extraction of folates in the absence of a reducing agent, such as ascorbate, is known to be unsuitable for biological samples that contain principaLly reduced tbrms of tblate. When the method by Allfrey ct al. (2) is used for biological samples, the values are generally lower than those obtained by other methods, such as microbiological assay {4). The use of a reducing agent during the extracti...

Current trends in American agriculture have changed the vulnerability to use of biological weapons against plant and animal resources. The major effect has been a requirement to look again at the model of the U.S. BW program of widespread dissemination of agent and look to attack models requiring much lower levels of resources. The U.S. biological warfare program models must take the effects of...

agent oriented software engineering (aose) is an emerging field in computer science  and  proposes some systematic ideas for multi agent systems analysis, implementation and maintenance. despite the various methodologies introduced in the agent-oriented software engineering, the main challenges are defects in different aspects of methodologies. according to the defects resulted from weaknesses ...

the six elements commonly known as metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium. metalloid containing compounds have been used as antiprotozoal drugs. boron-based drugs, the benzoxaboroles have been exploited as potential treatments for neglected tropical diseases. arsenic has been used as a medicinal agent and arsphenamine was the main drug used to treat syphilis....

Two categories of reference limits can be discerned in biological monitoring: The first category identifies individuals who have been exposed to a toxic agent at work, and is based on the distribution of the concentration of the agent or its metabolite in the population that has not been exposed to the agent at work. The second category, for which the term biological action level (BAL) is propo...

Decision making processes during biological incident management represent challenging and demanding as well as complex and important task. Various principles such as partial differential equations or Markov chains have been already utilized for the model development. Nevertheless, the multi-agent technologies can be also effectively employed. As an example, this paper presents model utilizable ...

In the pair of papers of which this is Part I, the agent-oriented modeling perspective to cope with biological complexity is discussed. Three levels of dynamics are distinguished and related to each other: dynamics of externally observable agent behavior, dynamics of internal agent processes, and dynamics of multi-agent organisations. Basic agent concepts to describe externally observable agent...