Mechanotransduction is often described in the context of force-induced changes in molecular conformation, but molecular-scale mechanical stimuli arise in vivo in the context of complex, multicellular tissue structures. For this reason, we highlight and review experimental methods for investigating mechanotransduction across multiple length scales. We begin by discussing techniques that probe th...

The next advance in field crop productivity will likely need to come from improving crop use efficiency of resources (e.g., light, water, and nitrogen), aspects of which are closely linked with overall crop photosynthetic efficiency. Progress in genetic manipulation of photosynthesis is confounded by uncertainties of consequences at crop level because of difficulties connecting across scales. C...

GENERAL ASPECTS OF HEPATOCYTE GROWTH FACTOR STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 612 Biochemical and Structural Properties of Hepatocyte Growth Factor Protein 612 Pathways of Activation of Hepatocyte Growth Factor 612 Structure–Function Analysis of the Hepatocyte Growth Factor Molecule 613 Hepatocyte Growth Factor Gene Organization 613 Hepatocyte Growth Factor Gene and Its Transcriptional Control 614 Hepatoc...

This study focuses on automatic search and verification of feasible alternatives in all possible paths of biochemical networks using model checking method. To understand biochemical networks, the representation of hierarchical structure knowledge is a major challenge for bioinformatics. The automatic search and synthesis for alternative paths within complex and large networks in biological proc...

Metabolic pathways may seem arbitrary and unnecessarily complex. In many cases, a chemist might devise a simpler route for the biochemical transformation, so why has nature chosen such complex solutions? In this review, we distill lessons from a century of metabolic research and introduce new observations suggesting that the intricate structure of metabolic pathways can be explained by a small ...

In systems biology, a key topic is the elucidation of the dynamic behavior of biological processes that are made up of complex biochemical networks. Statistical modeling is an important to capture the dynamics of biochemical networks such as metabolic networks, signal transduction pathways, and gene regulatory networks. These biochemical models have a set of parameters that represent the physic...

rice bran (rb) is a major by-product, produced from the rice milling process. this study was conducted to evaluate the performance, egg quality, and blood biochemical parameters of 288 hy-line laying hens fed diets with rice bran and commercial microbial phytase natuphos®5000. the experiment was a 4×2 factorial one with four rb levels (0, 5, 10, and 15%) by two phytase levels (0 and 5000 ftu/kg...

objective: in this study, the effect of diet food (soybeans, egg yolk and chicken manure) on biomass weight and body composition (the amount of protein, fat, moisture and ash) chironomid larvae were examined. methods: for this purpose, 2.5 grams of food per coconut considered in the period, with three replicates and chironomid larvae during the period of 15 days in plastic pans were kept in nut...

introduction: fasting during ramadan is a religious obligation for healthy adult muslims. this study aimed to investigate the effects of ramadan fasting and physical activity on blood hematological and biochemical parameters in male and female subjects. methods: in this study, 50 healthy subjects were randomly assigned to four groups: male control fasting (mcf) group (n=13), male training fasti...