the emph{harary index} $h(g)$ of a connected graph $g$ is defined as $h(g)=sum_{u,vin v(g)}frac{1}{d_g(u,v)}$ where $d_g(u,v)$ is the distance between vertices $u$ and $v$ of $g$. the steiner distance in a graph, introduced by chartrand et al. in 1989, is a natural generalization of the concept of classical graph distance. for a connected graph $g$ of order at least $2$ and $ssubseteq v(g)$, th...

dna barcoding based on a standardized region of 648 base pairs of mitochondrial dnasequences from cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1) is proposed for animal species identification.recent studies suggested that dna barcoding has been effective for identifying 94% of birdspecies. the proposed threshold of 10 times the average intraspecific variation could be used forthe identification and delimitation ...

Purpose In recent years construction projects have become more complex and time-driven, especially with the rapid rise in the number of active partners involved in each project. Space is regarded as a limited resource on construction sites. Proper planning for site layouts ensuring construction activities can be executed safely and efficiently is until now a time-consuming manual process. Site ...

BACKGROUND The role of basic science knowledge in clinical diagnosis is unclear. There has been no experimental demonstration of its value in helping students recall and organize clinical information. This study examines how causal knowledge may lead to better recall and diagnostic skill over time. METHOD Undergraduate medical students learned either four neurological or rheumatic disorders. ...

Papers published in Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions are under open-access review for the journal Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Abstract Spatial patterns of water chemistry along stream networks can be quantified using synoptic or " snapshot " sampling. The basic idea is to sample stream water at many points over a relatively short period of time. Even for intense sampling ...

A widespread assumption in theories of emotion is that there exists a small set of basic emotions. From a biological perspective, this idea is manifested in the belief that there might be neurophysiological and anatomical substrates corresponding to the basic emotions. From a psychological perspective, basic emotions are often held to be the primitive building blocks of other, nonbasic emotions...

The approximation of stochastic processes by trees is an important topic in multistage stochastic programming. In this paper we focus on improving the approximation of large trees by smaller (tractable) trees. The quality of the approximation is measured by the nested distance, recently introduced in [Pflug, Pfl09]. The nested distance is derived from the Wasserstein distance. It additionally t...

The nearest-neighbor method is perhaps the simplest of all algorithms for predicting the class of a test example. The training phase is trivial: simply store every training example, with its label. To make a prediction for a test example, first compute its distance to every training example. Then, keep the k closest training examples, where k ≥ 1 is a fixed integer. Look for the label that is m...

The focus of Bioinformatics research is usually on two aspects—genomics and proteomics, specifically, it’s starting from nucleic acid and protein sequences, analyzing the structural and functional biological information expressed in the sequences. Biological sequence alignment is one of the common problems, the NeedlemanWunsch algorithm based on dynamic programming is the most basic algorithm, ...

This paper examines the relationship between changes in telecommunications provider competition on international long distance routes and changes in prices on those routes. Overall, increased competition is associated with significantly lower prices to consumers of long distance services. However, the relationship between competition and price varies according to the type of long distance plan ...