Background: DNA vaccination with plasmid encoding bacterial, viral, and parasitic immunogens has been shown to be an attractive method to induce efficient immune responses. Bacteria of the genus Brucella are facultative intracellular pathogens for which new and efficient vaccines are needed. Methods: To evaluate the use of a DNA immunization strategy for protection against brucellosis, a pla...

In the above instance, three vaccines were inadvertently re-administered within a week, which is against the established principles of vaccination in most instances. While only a single dose of BCG is indicated as per the vaccination schedule, more than one dose is required for OPV and Hepatitis-B. The birth dose of OPV and hepatitis-B serve only as ‘priming’ dose for the subsequent doses. For ...

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), an enteric coronavirus, is the causative agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) that damages intestinal epithelial cells and results in severe diarrhea and dehydration in neonatal suckling pigs with up to 100% mortality. The oral vaccine route is reported as a promising approach for inducing protective immunity against PEDV invasion. Furthermore, dendri...

Viral diseases. Herpesvirus 1 (rhinotracheitis; FHV-1) and calicivirus (FCV) are the most common viral causes of sneezing and nasal discharge in the cat. If oral ulcers are present, calicivirus is most likely. If corneal ulcers are present, herpesvirus 1 is most likely. FHV-1 has now also been associated with chronic stomatitis, facial dermatitis, and endogenous uveitis. Viral rhinitis with or ...

Background In the 2015-2016 season, quadrivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and both trivalent and quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) were available in the United States. Methods This study, conducted according to a test-negative case-control design, enrolled children aged 2-17 years presenting to outpatient settings with fever and respiratory symptoms for <5 days ...

CLINICAL QUESTION Should the oral cholera vaccine be routinely recommended to prevent traveler's diarrhea (TD)? BOTTOM LINE Randomized controlled trials evaluating oral cholera vaccine for TD did not show a benefit and routine use is not recommended.

background: bovine theileriosis results from infection with obligate intracellular protozoa of the genus theileria . the phylogenetic relationships between two isolates of theileria annulata , and 36 theile­ria spp . , as well as 6 outgroup including babesia spp . and coccidian protozoa were analyzed using the 18s rrna gene sequence. methods: the target dna segment was amplified by pcr. the pcr...

abstract        background and objective: aluminum salts are among the most common useful additive compounds in preparation of human and animal vaccines. aluminum phosphate and aluminum hydroxide are two additives that show good immunoadjuvant effects with many antigens. aluminum-containing vaccines lead to a better and longer immune response compared to adjuvant-lacking vaccines. the chromogen...

introduction: viral hepatitis is one of the causes of premature death in world peoples, according to who reports, five percentage of people are carrier, lethal from this disease is 1%, therefore about 1-1.5 million people each year die from complications of this disease. this disease varies from an acute to chronic illness. the aim of this study was to determine the level of anti-hbs ag (hepati...

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a significant cause of upper and lower respiratory tract illness mainly in infants and young children worldwide. HRSV is divided into two subgroups, HRSV-A and HRSV-B, based on sequence variation within the G gene. Despite its importance as a respiratory pathogen, there is currently no safe and effective vaccine for HRSV. In this study, we have detect...