Background: Although maximal sprint speed (MSS) and the anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) provides valuable information about the speed profile of athletes, these parameters fall short of providing important information about sub-maximal metabolic thresholds. The only field test that can offer an estimate of a sub-maximal metabolic threshold is the 3-minute all-out test for running (3MT) which deli...

Spray atomization is a common process found in different industries, where sprays under high injection pressure are widely recorded in the literature. Nonetheless, research on spray breakup mechanism under low pressure in pharmaceutical industry is still relatively rare. Numerical model in the Lagrangian approach was modified for simulating the spray formation from a nasal spray device in the c...

As the final flow channel of liquid rocket engine, manufacturing impinging atomization nozzles has become a critical link in manufacture components. At present, high-precision machining millimeter large-scale production is quite difficult, which inevitably leads to diversity internal field and parameters. In this investigation, influence diameter deviation on analyzed by experiment. The transpa...

We describe the fabrication of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) atomizer, and show its ability to generate monodisperse aerosol and particles for drug delivery applications. In particular, we demonstrate the generation of insulin microdroplets for pulmonary delivery, and polymeric nanoparticles for one-step rapid encapsulation using SAW devices with resonance frequencies of 8.6 MHz and 19.3 MHz. I...

Atomic spectrometry and electrochemistry are usually recognized as independent analytical tools used for different purposes. Here, a brief review is given of the advantages of using electrochemistry in the various fields of atomic spectrometry techniques. In the first part, the application of electrochemical preconcentration before the atomic spectrometry will be addressed and exemplified. Elec...

This study aims to optimize extraction and drying conditions of fig syrup. Drying was done in a pilot scale two-fluid nozzle spray dryer. A total of 27 experiments were conducted with varying inlet air temperatures, air flow rates, and also a maltodextrin (MD)- low methoxyl pectin (LMP) ratios. While feed rate, feed temperature, and compressed air flow rate of the atomizer were kept constant. T...

Resonance ionization laser ion sources (RILIS) are applied for the production of exotic ion beams with high isotopic and isobaric purity [1], limited only by surface ionization of unwanted atomic species. A new type of resonance ionization laser ion source is presently being deve-loped and tested at the RISIKO mass separator at Mainz University [2] for future use at on-line radioactive ion beam...

Intelligent control isan attempt tospecify the function of a controller in ways which mimic the decision-making capabilities of humans. Traditionally, issues relating to the emulation of human-like capabilities have fallen in thedomain of avtificial intelligence. Intelligent processing is a specific form of intelligent control in which thesystem to be controlled is a process rafher than the mor...

Spray drying is a commonly used method of drying a liquid feed through a hot gas. This study aims to obtain the empirical model of the spray drying process of full cream milk using a nozzle atomizer spray dryer, Lab-Plant SD 05 Laboratory Scale Spray Dryer. Inlet air temperature was chosen as the manipulated variable and outlet air temperature was the controlled variable. No disturbance was con...