The importance of interspecific competition is a highly controversial and unresolved issue for community ecology in general, and for phytophagous insects in particular. Recent advancements, however, in our understanding of indirect (plant- and enemy-mediated) interactions challenge the historical paradigms of competition. Thus, in the context of this rapidly developing field, we re-evaluate the...

The perceived orientation of objects, gravity, and the body are biased to the left. Whether this leftward bias is attributable to biases in sensing or processing vestibular, visual, and body sense cues has never been assessed directly. The orientation in which characters are most easily recognized--the perceived upright (PU)--can be well predicted from a weighted vector sum of these sensory cue...

The traditional risk factors of hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and tobacco exposure identify a subset of patients at greater cardiovascular risk. A variety of clinical phenotypes, biochemical markers, and genetic polymorphisms have been proposed to explain the variance in risk not explained by the traditional factors. Notably, all of the traditional risk factors, as well...

We studied the low-level interactions between motion coherence detection and binocular correlation detection. It is well-established that e.g. depth information from motion parallax and from binocular disparities is effectively integrated. The question we aimed to answer is whether such interactions also exist at the very first correlation level that both mechanisms might have in common. First ...

A series of laboratory experiments was conducted using electrical penetration graph, salivary flange, and honeydew measurement to study the effects of feeding-induced intra- and interspecific interactions on feeding behavior and honeydew excretion between planthoppers Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) and Sogatela furcifera (Horváth). Feeding-induced intra- and interspecific interactions affected many ...

In this paper we present the generalization of the test sequencing problem, originally defined for symmetrical tests, that also covers asymmetrical tests. We prove that the same heuristics that has been employed in the traditional solution of the problem (e.g., the AO∗ algorithm with heuristics based on Huffman’s coding) can be employed also for the generalized case. Examples are given to illus...

Three experiments were conducted to examine cross-language priming in bilinguals. The first was a cross-language primed lexical decision task experiment with Chinese-English bilinguals. Subjects made lexical decisions about primary associate targets in the two languages at the same rate, but priming occurred only when the prime was in their first language (L1), Chinese, and the target was in th...

An n-cube is the set of 2 points in n-dimensional Euclidean space and is often denoted by {0, 1}n. It is known that n-cube as a Cartesian product of pair of points is Ramsey, but no asymmetrical results are known. In this work we are concerned with bounds on the necessary dimension n of Euclidean space such that every r-coloring gives us monochromatic hypercube of some color and given dimension...

Ann Saudi Med 2006;26(4):318-320 Amelia is the complete absence of a limb, which may occur in isolation or as part of multiple congenital malformations.1-3 The condition is uncommon and very little is known with certainty about the etiology. Whatever the cause, however, it results from an event which must have occurred between the fourth and eighth week of embryogenesis.1,3 The causal factors t...

Low side lobe levels and asymmetrical multiple nulls in specified directions need to be achieved for increasing the efficiency of antenna arrays used in communication systems. Nature inspired algorithms like Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) algorithm may be applied for synthesis of linear antenna arrays to estimate the element phase excitations for achieving nulls in undesired directions. Sever...