Background: Canine astrovirus (CAstV) has been considered the primary cause of gastroenteritis in young animals worldwide, while canine vesivirus (CVeV) and canine circovirus (CCiV) are occasionally reported. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the existence and molecular characteristics for these three viruses in Turkey. Methods: Faecal samples from 150 shelter dogs with gastrointestinal pro...

BACKGROUND There are many instruments available freely for evaluating obstetric care quality in low-resource settings. However, this profusion can be confusing; moreover, evaluation instruments need to be adapted to local issues. In this article, we present tools we developed to guide the choice of instruments and describe how we used them in Burkina Faso to facilitate the participative develop...

Astroviruses are a diverse family of viruses that infect a wide range of mammalian and avian hosts. Here we describe the phylogenetic diversity and current classification methodology of astroviruses based on the ORF1b and ORF2 genes, highlighting the propensity of astroviruses to undergo interspecies transmission and genetic recombination which greatly increase diversity and complicate attempts...

A total of 57 clam packages that were collected from supermarkets and fish markets from 11 different sites in western Japan between 8 December 2005 and 6 September 2006 were examined for human enteric viruses (i.e., norovirus, Aichi virus, rotavirus, adenovirus, hepatitis A virus, and astrovirus), using PCR and reverse transcription PCR. Sixty-one percent of the packages were contaminated with ...

Human astrovirus nonstructural C-terminal nsP1a protein (nsP1a/4) colocalizes with the endoplasmic reticulum and viral RNA. It has been suggested that nsP1a/4 protein is involved in the RNA replication process in endoplasmic reticulum-derived intracellular membranes. A hypervariable region (HVR) is contained in the nsP1a/4 protein, and different replicative patterns can be distinguished dependi...

This report describes multiple viruses in stool specimens from oyster-associated gastroenteritis. Eleven outbreaks of oyster-associated gastroenteritis were examined for enteric viruses between January 2002 and March 2006 in Japan. Multiple norovirus genotypes were detected in all outbreaks; moreover, kobuvirus, sapovirus, and astrovirus were also detected in 6, 3, and 1 of the 11 outbreaks, re...