The electronics computer-aided process-planning (ECAPP) system is a rule-and frame-based generative process-planning system for the assembly of electronic components onto printed circuit boards (or modu-less). ECAPP uses expert process-engineering knowledge, a manufacturing plant's specific process capabilities, and product information from a computer-aided design (CAD) database to generate all...

Assembly of bacteriophage P22 procapsids has long served as a model for assembly of spherical viruses. Historically, assembly of viruses has been viewed as a non-equilibrium process. Recently alternative models have been developed that treat spherical virus assembly as an equilibrium process. Here we have investigated whether P22 procapsid assembly reactions achieve equilibrium or are irreversi...

The rapid assembly of icosohedral virus-like particles (VLPs) into highly ordered (domain size > 600 nm), oriented 2D superlattices directly onto a solid substrate using convective coating is demonstrated. In-situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) is used to follow the self-assembly process in real time to characterize the mechanism of superlattice formation, with the ulti...

The assembly and budding of lentiviruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), are mediated by the Gag protein precursor, but the molecular details of these processes remain poorly defined. In this study, we have combined pulse-chase techniques with density gradient centrifugation to identify, isolate, and characterize sequential kinetic intermediates in the lentivirus assembly ...

Mitochondrial complex I is the largest integral membrane enzyme of the respiratory chain and consists of 44 different subunits encoded in the mitochondrial and nuclear genome. Its biosynthesis is a highly complicated and multifaceted process involving at least 14 additional assembly factors. How these subunits assemble into a functional complex I and where the assembly factors come into play is...

The ribosome is a complex macromolecular machine and serves as an ideal system for understanding biological macromolecular assembly. Direct observation of ribosome assembly in vivo is difficult, as few intermediates have been isolated and thoroughly characterized. Herein, we deploy a genetic system to starve cells of an essential ribosomal protein, which results in the accumulation of assembly ...

Gross-motion planning for assembly is common ly considered as a distinct, isolated step between task sequencing/scheduling and f ine-mot ion planning. In this paper we formula te the problem of gross-motion planning for assembly in a manner that integrates it with both the m a n ufacturing process and the f i ne mot ions involved an the f inal assembly stages. One distinct characteristic of gro...

In an effort to increase a productivity of welding process and to reduce the impact to workers from industrial disaster, the research in the field of welding automation is sharply increasing in shipbuilding industry. DSME had developed and successfully applied a welding robot system for grand assembly line in OKPO shipyard in 1997 and has recently developed multi welding robot system for the su...

this study is devoted to the morphological, chemical and physical characterization of raw material of the fruit of luffa cylindrica. by microscopic analysis, it can be observed that the fruit is composed of an assembly of dependent cords, where four parts are differentiated: external, internal wall, core and bond. each cord consists of hollow and flexible cylindrical fibers.the external part is...

one of the most important structural components of engine compartment assembly in a car body is the srail. s-rails has significant role in absorbing energy during crash events and therefore it is designed for efficient behavior in such conditions. driving the peak crushing force of the s-rails is one of the important objectives in the design process of such structures. peak crushing force is ex...