asking about the relation of religion and modernity has been always reflected by scholars, and answering it has formed different approaches, especially from the last parts of qajar monarchy. the intellectual approach follows originality of modernity and complete transition from tradition. in contrast, the traditional approach believes in following the tradition of predecessors and independence ...

There is growing recognition among educators of the need for establishing practical pedagogical approaches that facilitate the development of literary understanding. "Literary understanding" is that form of thinking which is characteristically divergent and inward, focused on "personal meanings, understandings of human situations and the complex web of relationships embedded in them" (Langer, i...

Parvin-e E`tesami, the daughter of Yousef E`tesami, was one of the eminent poets of the constitutional period. Her father, E`tesam al-Molk was a remarkable intellectual. He was one of the very first translators and one of the writers whose work started Romanticism in Iran in the last years of Qajar dynasty. He translated pieces from a vast range of topics and, thus, he had an undeniable role in...

What is involved in having a singular thought about an ordinary object? On the leading epistemic view, one has this capacity if and only belief-forming dispositions which would reliably enable to get its properties right (Dickie, 2015). I first argue that Dickie’s official view entails surprising unpalatable claims either rationality or thought, before offering precisification. Once we have rea...