The article researches a number of issues related to the Slavophile worldview in 1840s–1880s and their work aimed at development national consciousness Russian society: attitude Peter Great’s reforms, Slavic world revolution. also examines role Slavophiles had played Orthodox outlook society foundations future Church structure, slogan “Orthodoxy. Autocracy. Nationality”. It considers among gove...

It would be quite interesting and instructive to sketch the history of how children’s hospitals came to be established. Our first thought goes to the “Ospedale degli Innocenti” in Florence and the establishment of orphanages, which for many years were the only available facilities, but which took in only orphans and children abandoned by their parents. Until paediatrics became an independent br...

an inferior hand of genes. Fetuses are today commonly screened for genetic disorders and this service will no doubt expand. An American company has devised a one-inch chip carrying 400,000 DNA fragments, which will allow the entire human genome to be screened for an average of four alleles per gene. The difference between eliminating the undesirable and promoting the advantageous is becoming to...

Japanese buildings are traditionally built according to the post and lintel principle. They are most often made of wood. Exterior and interior partitioning is flexible and is achieved by screens or shutters. Corridors connect the buildings of a complex. Japanese gardens emerged from the rearrangement of natural clusters of stone in roped-off sacred Shinto shrine areas. The Japanese garden has s...

A came easily to Hans Holbein the Younger. Son and student of master painter Hans Holbein the Elder, he showed extraordinary talent at a young age in his native Augsburg, a bustling commercial town in southern Germany. Fascination with Italian renaissance took him to Lombardy, where he studied the work of Leonardo da Vinci and the portraits of Lorenzo Lotto. While still a teen, Holbein moved to...

political unrest. Lunacy can hardly be said to have been perceived as a pressing problem: required by the 1806 Select Committee of the House of Commons to report lunatics in the county, the Bedfordshire magistrates made a "nil" return! Bernard Cashman's excellent history of the asylum (which was closed in 1860 to make way for a bigger one) offers a wholly convincing solution to this conundrum: ...

The eighteenth century was the age of enlightenment. In that partofitwhich concerns us this evening between 1740 and 1780, we find a generation of men self-poised, self-approved, freed from the disturbing passions of the past and not yet troubled by the different world which would soon be upon them as a result of the Industrial and the French Revolutions. It was a moment of peace between the re...

Conventional wisdom about the relationship between income distribution and economic development has been subjected to dramatic transformations in the past century. While Classical economists advanced the hypothesis that inequality is bene…cial for economic development, the Neoclassical paradigm, which had subsequently dominated the …eld of macroeconomics, dismissed the Classical hypothesis and ...

M ina Bissell has never been afraid to challenge conventional wisdom, whether on a woman's role in the laboratory or on how a cell's context determines its function. Bissell came to the US from Iran to study chemistry at Bryn Mawr and Radcliffe Colleges, before pursuing a PhD in bacteriology at Harvard Medical School. She moved to California for her postdoc in virol-ogy, before joining the Lawr...

connexion with the remainder of the book, and I cannot see what purpose it serves. Chapters two to five comprise the bulk of the book and are by far the best and the most rewarding of study. A good account is given of lead mining in the ancient world, of smelting and of cupellation, and there is also much information on the lead mines of antiquity and an excellent chapter on the production and ...