the normal and lateral line cycloid scales of the native species garra rossica (nikol’skii, 1900), one of the most common and poorly known cyprinid fish in south-eastern iran have been subjected to the scanning electron microscopy technique in order to study their detailed structure. normal scale below the dorsal fin showed a clearcut demonstration between the anterior and posterior region with...

Ions can enhance water flow through the xylem via changes in the hydraulic resistance at border pit membranes. Because flow between adjacent xylem vessels occurs primarily via bordered pit fields, it is hypothesized that xylem sap ion concentrations would affect lateral movement of water more than longitudinal flow. Using tomato as a model system, evidence is presented for ion-mediated changes ...

Spectroscopic methods with nanoscale lateral resolution are becoming essential in the fields of physics, chemistry, geology, biology, and materials science. However, the lateral resolution of laser-based mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) techniques has so far been limited to the microscale. This report presents the development of tip-enhanced ablation and ionization time-of-flight mass spectromet...

Cortical organization in the Etruscan shrew is of comparative interest because of its small size and because the Etruscan shrew is an amazing tactile hunter. Here we investigated cortical organization in Etruscan shrews by electrophysiological mapping. We developed an anesthesia protocol for this very small mammal in which we combined massive application of local anesthesia, very slow induction...

User interfaces are always one of the most important applied and study fields of information technology. The development and expansion of cognitive science studies and functionalization of its tools such as BCI1, as well as popularization of methods such as SSVEP2 to stimulate brain waves, have led to using these techniques every day, especially in appropriate solutions for physically and menta...

      Social capital results from shaping and establishment of values, norms, traditions, conventions and rules in self realization manner and in the context of social interactions and it produces hypothesis  in different fields such as empathy, cooperation, humanism, loyalty and conscience in  people’s social lives. The relationship between social capital and citizenship behavior is explored i...

It is controversial whether mouse extrastriate cortex has a "simple" organization in which lateral primary visual cortex (V1) is adjoined by a single area V2 or has a "complex" organization, in which lateral V1 is adjoined by multiple distinct areas, all of which share the vertical meridian with V1. Resolving this issue is important for understanding the evolution and development of cortical ar...

BACKGROUND While human auditory cortex is known to contain tonotopically organized auditory cortical fields (ACFs), little is known about how processing in these fields is modulated by other acoustic features or by attention. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and population-based cortical surface analysis to characterize the tonotopic organiza...

BACKGROUND Cranial reirradiation is clinically appropriate in some cases but cumulative radiation dose to critical normal structures remains a practical concern. The authors developed a simple technique in 3D conformal proton craniospinal irradiation (CSI) to block organs at risk (OAR) while minimizing underdosing of adjacent target brain tissue. METHODS Two clinical cases illustrate the use ...