In recent years there has been an ever expanding body of work that advocates putting the citizen at the centre of attempts to tackle corruption. The task of anti-corruption policy, so the argument goes, is to empower citizens to act against those who behave in a corrupt fashion. This article illustrates that whilst there is much to be said for encouraging citizens to move against corrupt offici...

In recent years there has been an ever expanding body of work that advocates putting the citizen at the centre of attempts to tackle corruption. The task of anti-corruption policy, so the argument goes, is to empower citizens to act against those who behave in a corrupt fashion. This article illustrates that whilst there is much to be said for encouraging citizens to move against corrupt offici...

How does corruption adopt gendered guises and how do women combat it in practice? Theorising from the basis of a 30-month ethnography within women’s NGO, article proposes gaslighting as way interpreting corruption, due to its elusive but pernicious nature. Gaslighting is posited deployment tactics make doubt their sanity means securing personal advantage. triggers embodied forms struggle, offer...

This paper investigates the prevalence of corruption in Pakistan's judicial and law enforcement sectors. In Pakistan, has been a pervasive issue for decades, with negative effects on economy society as whole. Corruption sectors is particular concern it far-reaching consequences rule public trust justice system. It uses mixed-method approach. The research design includes surveys interviews relev...

The paper explores a game-theoretic model of petty corruption involving a sequence of entrepreneurs and a track of bureaucrats. Each entrepreneur’s project is approved if and only if it is cleared by each bureaucrat. The project value is stochastic; its value is observed only by the entrepreneur, but its distribution is common knowledge. Each bureaucrat clears the project only if a bribe is pai...

We discuss the relative merits of optimistic and randomized approaches to exploration in reinforcement learning. Optimistic approaches presented in the literature apply an optimistic boost to the value estimate at each state-action pair and select actions that are greedy with respect to the resulting optimistic value function. Randomized approaches sample from among statistically plausible valu...

Introduction An influential conjecture in neuroscience states that a brain organized according to principles of hierarchical predictive coding (HPC) can effectively and efficiently perform genuine Bayesian inferences, providing a neurally plausible account of how Bayesian models of cogntion may be physically implemented in the brain. However, each key subcomputation invoked in HPC potentially h...

The precise probability of a compound event (e.g. e1 _ e2; e1 ^ e2) depends upon the known relationships (e.g. independence, mutual exclusion, ignorance of any relationship, etc.) between the primitive events that constitute the compound event. To date, most research on probabilistic logic programming 20, 19, 22, 23, 24] has assumed that we are ignorant of the relationship between primitive eve...