This memo defines two payload formats, one for carrying dual-tone multifrequency (DTMF) digits, other line and trunk signals (Section 3), and a second one for general multi-frequency tones in RTP [1] packets (Section 4). Separate RTP payload formats are desirable since low-rate voice codecs cannot be guaranteed to reproduce these tone signals accurately enough for automatic recognition. Definin...

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In Mandarin, lexical tone has been found to interact with intonational influence intonation perception, the falling T4 facilitating perception of statement/question contrast most, and rising T2 least. However, in addition four citation tones T1-T4, Mandarin “neutral tone” which marks weak, non-initial syllables that do not carry a tone. The prevailing view is neutral is, fact, phonologically to...

The present paper demonstrates that much can be learned about intonation through the study of the contribution of lexical tones to the f0 contour of speech utterances. A fundamental principle and several basic mechanisms of tone production and perception are proposed based on studies of both tone and intonation. Their implications for intonation in general are discussed.

A case of acute transient flaccid quadriparesis after a low voltage electric shock is reported. The patient recovered completely with in three days.

Previously found effects of age on thresholds for speech reception thresholds in noise in adolescents as measured by an online screening survey require further study in a well-controlled teenage sample. Speech reception thresholds (SRT) of 72 normal-hearing adolescent students were analyzed by means of the online speech-in-noise screening tool Earcheck (In Dutch: Oorcheck). Screening was perfor...

khosrow va shirin is the best romantic mathnavi of nizami and the old persian literature. the kind of nizami's use of story elements in this work is one of its triumph secrets. if we compare this book with the other romantic mathnavis, the value of nizami's work will be appreciated. the relevant use of the tone element is one of the positive features of using the story elements. using...

Spasticity or increase in muscle tone is one of the problems following stroke. Due to this increase in muscle tone, patients are confronted to problems in motor control and difficulties in activities of daily living and complications such as shortness and contracture. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of using splint or botulinum toxin injection on spasticity, range of motion and ...