in the second half of the nineteenth century realistic stories were replaced by fictive ones in urdu literature.wisdom and the important purposes of the aligarh movement made very big changes in the fiction and novel. nazir ahmad and abul-halim sharar were the first authors who created the novel. their traditional beliefs could be felt in their novels. in their books and stories, first they wer...

neo-classical sonnet, created out of iran’s classic poetry, is one of the contemporary poetic movements which have always been dynamic. the purpose of its leading poets was to make the traditional form of sonnet attuned with modern requirements. this poetic movement has benefited the poetic possibilities of which free verse has provided for persian poetry in terms of locution, language and lite...

after weakening of traditional presence of rhythm and rhyme in poem and introducing of new issues and challenges, the necessity of using the capacity and various tools for indicating concepts received more attention. poets by using different elements struggled to communicate with their audience properly. one of these elements derived from music is repetition which is so brilliant in ahmad matar...

jahilid poetry should be known as a pre-islamic life. poem has been illustrator during the life of its people and its surrounding shape. perhaps it could be say atlal discussed in the introduction of pre-islamic odes and according to it, is the most popular topics of jahilid poetry. standing on atlal and desolate land, and weep over them, not limited to the pre-islamic poetry, and the poets of ...

nima yoshij and badr shaker sayyab are two contemporary renowned poet in iran and iraq which using the concepts of the verious colors could show their own personal and social opinion at their poets. no doubt, personal experiences, litererary life and the political and social environment surrounding of each poet can affect the role of the colors in his poems. similar pretty or horrible incident ...