A flow visualization technique using dilute solutions of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is described. Rod-shaped TMV-particles align with shear, an effect that produces a luminous interference pattern when the TMV solution is viewed between crossed polarizers. Attractive features of this technique are that it is both transparent to the naked eye and benign to fish. We use it here to visualize the e...

ABSTRACT Soilborne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) and Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (WSSMV) are putatively transmitted to small grains by the obligate parasite Polymyxa graminis, but little is known about environmental requirements for transmission and the resulting disease incidence. We planted susceptible wheat and triticale cultivars in field nurseries on different autumn dates in 3 years an...

Based on atomistic calculations of electron and phonon transport, we propose to use surface-decorated silicon nanowires for thermoelectric applications. Two examples of surface decorations are studied to illustrate the underlying ideas: nanotrees and alkyl functionalized silicon nanowires. For both systems we find (i) that the phonon conductance is significantly reduced compared to the electron...

Protoplasts isolated from tobacco leaves were inoculated with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) using a method slightly modified from that developed for inoculating tobacco mosaic virus. Multiplication of CMV was demonstrated by staining the protoplasm with fluorescent CMV-antibody, by the electron microscopy of ultrathin sections, and by assaying the infectivity in protoplasts. Seventy to 90% of pro...

Semi-steppe rangelands are a complex, highly dynamic and often multi-layered mosaic of grassland, shrubland, and intermediate communities. A few recent studies have explicitly or implicitly developed synthetic hypotheses about how interactive effects of human made disturbances initiate dynamic changes in plant community composition to cause a shifting mosaic of vegetation pattern across the lan...

Semi-steppe rangelands are a complex, highly dynamic and often multi-layered mosaic of grassland, shrubland, and intermediate communities. A few recent studies have explicitly or implicitly developed synthetic hypotheses about how interactive effects of human made disturbances initiate dynamic changes in plant community composition to cause a shifting mosaic of vegetation pattern across the lan...

In this work, we describe a set of coordinates on the PU(2,1)-representation variety of the fundamental group of an oriented punctured surface Σ with negative Euler characteristic. The main technical tool we use is a set of geometric invariants of a triple of flags in the complex hyperpolic plane H C . We establish a bijection between a set of decorations of an ideal triangulation of Σ and a su...