even though the use of enzymes as useful analytical reagents when immobilized onto a transducer such as an electrochemical device has been reported in the literature for nearly two decades, the direct, i.e. unmediated electrochemistry of enzymes is, nevertheless, a rather recent development. efforts will be made to introduce the fundamental basis for protein-surface interactions with emphasis o...

Combining the antenna miniaturization and bandwidth preservation could increase the challenges of integrating the smaller, thinner, low profile, high efficient antennas into equipment for different applications. In this paper, a novel Microstrip Patch Antenna with reduced size for WLAN application is proposed. Introducing in-plane Split Ring Resonators (SRRs) in the vicinity of the patch, and f...

The use of single molecules in electronics represents the next limit of miniaturisation of electronic devices, which would enable us to continue the trend of aggressive downscaling of silicon-based electronic devices. More significantly, the fabrication, understanding and control of fully functional circuits at the single-molecule level could also open up the possibility of using molecules as d...

Miniaturization to the micrometer and nanometer scale opens up the possibility to probe biology on a length scale where fundamental biological processes take place, such as the epigenetic and genetic control of single cells. To study single cells the necessary devices need to be integrated on a single chip; and, to access the relevant length scales, the devices need to be designed with feature ...

Pharm. Bioprocess. (2014) 2(2), 115–116 ISSN 2048-9145 The impetus to accelerate process development in the biopharmaceutical industry is driven by reducing costs and time to market. Shortening development times is critical to the success of the industry [1]. The miniaturization of bioprocessing assists in the generation of quantitative data, fast and efficiently. This helps inform bioprocess d...

An overview of the field of modular selfreconfigurable robots is presented. The background and objectives of the field are reviewed, along with a description of several successful designs, categorized by actuator type. Control algorithms are mentioned, along with a method for evaluating complexity of multi-robot control. Several challenges to miniaturization are discussed, focusing on power and...

Despite their sustainability, the potential of biocatalytic processes in industrial production is far from being realized. The main challenges this field are development highly active, robust, and stable biocatalysts, efficient regeneration cofactors, prevention biocatalyst deactivation under harsh conditions. In addition to engineering, enzyme cell immobilization plays a crucial role process f...

In present wireless communication devices are getting smaller in size but the operation is held by such devices are needed much greater bandwidth. Microstrip antennas are smaller in size but having drawback of low bandwidth and low efficiency. Literature shows that the leading work on MSA is focused on designing compact sized broadband MSA. Last few years many miniaturization and bandwidth enha...