A long-standing question in rheumatology is why inflammatory arthritides such as rheumatoid arthritis involve the joints. Many studies have addressed this question; a recent article by Lee et al.1 provides a new answer that is both obvious and intriguing. Rheumatoid arthritis affects the joints because of the essential role of the synovium in regulating inflammation. The normal synovial membran...

This paper examines the role of gradable properties in referring expressions, from a perspective of natural language generation. Firstly, we propose a simple semantic analysis of vague descriptions (i.e., referring expressions that contain gradable adjectives) that reflects the context-dependent meaning of the adjectives in them. Secondly, we show how this type of analysis can inform algorithms...

Preface Reality provides many examples of something we call a search. Informally, we may have a goal (e.g., finding a lost key, a damaged light bulb, the shortest way to the next bus stop) and a set of possible actions to gain some information. All possible action needs some time, money, work etc., so that we want to calculate the expenses of our search strategy in order to minimize them. Due t...

The usefulness of water quality simulation models for environmental management is explored with a focus on prediction uncertainty. Ecological risk and environmental analysis often involve scientific assessments that are highly uncertain. Still, environmental management decisions are being made, often with the support of a mathematical simulation model. In the area of pollutant transport and fat...

The usefulness of water quality simulation models for environmental management is explored with a focus on prediction uncertainty. Ecological risk and environmental analysis often involve scientific assessments that are highly uncertain. Still, environmental management decisions are being made, often with the support of a mathematical simulation model. In the area of pollutant transport and fat...

Public Law 93-641 provides health systems agencies (HSAs) with a broad planning preview which has enabled a number of agencies to address environmental health issues in their health systems plans. Opponents of HSA involvement in environmental health planning charge that these activities overextend agency resources, duplicate efforts of other government agencies and involve HSAs in "issues of pu...

The importance of environmental fluctuations in the evolution of living organisms by natural selection has been widely noted by biologists and linked to many important characteristics of life such as modularity, plasticity, genotype size, mutation rate, learning, or epigenetic adaptations. In artificial-life simulations, however, environmental fluctuations are usually seen as a nuisance rather ...

This study aims to explain and elaborate a new model for the business environmental hostility in small and medium enterprises in the science and technology park in Kermanshah (Iran). The research method is a mixed method. Content analysis was used in the qualitative part, and a confirmatory factor analysis was used in the quantitative section. In the qualitative section for the environmental ho...

We examine the case for donors providing financial incentives to NGOs to increase community participation. We show that, when such incentives are provided, there need not exist any meaningful relationship between beneficiary welfare and the extent of community participation implemented by an NGO. Higher community participation is consistent even with reduced beneficiary welfare. Thus, eliminati...