Mean dynamic topography (MDT) is crucial for research in oceanography and climatology. The optimal interpolation method (OIM) applied to MDT modeling, where the error variance–covariance information of observations established. global geopotential model (GGM) derived from GOCE (Gravity Field Steady-State Ocean Circulation Explorer) gravity data mean sea surface satellite altimetry are combined ...

The geoid-to-quasigeoid correction has been traditionally computed approximately as a function of the planar Bouguer gravity anomaly and the topographic height. Recent numerical studies based on newly developed theoretical models, however, indicate that the computation of this correction using the approximate formula yields large errors especially in mountainous regions with computation points ...

A review is given of the geodetic concepts necessary for oceanographers to make use of satellite gravity data to define the geoid, and to interpret the resulting product. The geoid is defined, with particular attention to subtleties related to the representation of the permanent tide, and the way in which the geoid is represented in ocean models. 5 The usual spherical harmonic description of th...