The keeping of captive animals in zoos and aquariums has long been controversial. Many take freedom to be a crucial part animal welfare and, on these grounds, criticise all forms captivity as harmful welfare, regardless their provisions. Here, we analyse what it might mean for matter distinguishing between the role an intrinsic good, valued its own sake instrumental value arising from increased...

This article examines the multifaceted nature of freedom in relation to world’s efforts cope with Covid-19 pandemic. The aim is show that democratic societies, increasing societal regulation stop spread virus does not necessarily curtail all possible conceptions freedom. On contrary, we can even construct new institutional realms or community-strengthening mechanisms through which some forms ma...