The expression of the Indonesian Islamic Community is response ofMuslims to development modernity, so that big revival isdivided into three groups, namely revivalisme, reformisme and Islamicfundamentalisme. Revival Islam gave several movement including:patienting Islam, traditionalist orthodox Neo-revivalisme, andconservative Islam. While reformist movements, such as:modernist liberal substanti...

One of the bigg est challenges facing Theologica l/ Religious Education in Nigeria is access to quality learning materials. For instance at the Trinity (Union) Theological College, Umuahia, it was difficult for lecturers to access suitable and qualitative materials for instruction especially the ones that would suit the African context and stimulate a deep rooted intere st among the students. S...

Some Muslim thinkers have had disagreements over the use of the word “‘ishq” in religious texts since many years ago. The main claim made by those who prohibit the use of this word for the sacred associations such as God, the Prophet (s), and Imāms is that the meaning of this word is appropriate only to the material and carnal issues and so, it has not been used in religious texts and its conce...

During the nineteenth century, Muslims of India suffered from severe political decline, as Mughal Empire was abolished in wake Great Revolt 1857. The British started a process modernization institutions well that social setup. Muslim theologians realizing it serious threat to their religio-cultural values and norms resisted through militant struggle, setting up educational institutions, making ...

Within disciplines of religious studies, discussions of religious experience tend to revolve around the most rare and extraordinary cases, while neglecting much more common varieties of “ordinary religious experience”—that is, experiences of regular practitioners in the midst of normal religious activities such as worship or prayer. This comment will, first, call attention to this essential asp...

Global agriculture finds itself engrossed in a heated debate over genetically modified (GM) crops. This debate, which features science, economics, politics, and even religion, is taking place almost everywhere. It is going on in research labs, corporate boardrooms, legislative chambers, newspaper editorial offices, religious institutions, schools, supermarkets, coffee shops, and even in private...

The rapidly changing technologies that involve human subjects raise complex ethical, legal, social, and religious issues. Recent advances in the field of cloning and stem cell research have introduced new hopes for the treatment of serious diseases. But this promise has raised many complex questions. This field causes debate and challenge, not only among scientists but also among ethicists, rel...