abstract nature of philosophy is one of the most important and controversial discussions in history of philosophy. early wittgenstein as not only very great philosopher in the history but also the greatest philosopher in contemporary philosophy critic the traditional metaphysics and determinate the boundary of language. he assign language as a picture of the world then determinate extent of sen...

A symbol is a pattern (of physical marks, electromagnetic energy, etc.) which denotes, designates, or otherwise has meaning. The notion that intelligence requires the use and manipulation of symbols, and that humans are therefore symbol systems, has been extremely in uential in arti cial intelligence. keywords: symbol, reasoning, intelligence, representation, logic This article has two parts. W...

daily development of the human knowledge, promotion of biomedical technologies and improvement of physicians' ability in diagnosis and treatment of different types of diseases have always accompanied plenty of discussions and challengeable subjects, especially from the view point of ethical issues. obtaining deep and accurate recognition of these subjects, the attention of the physicians and th...

this article studies the different meanings of ethics inkierkegaard's writings. it recognizes three meanings of it in histhought. the first of them is the divine centre ethics as a transitstage after the aesthetical sphere and a preparation stage forentrance to the religious sphere. the second is the ethics withkantian and hegelian elements that kierkegaard condemns it tosuspension in comp...

Over recent years, science and technology have been reassessed increasingly in ethical terms. Particularly for life science governance, ethics has become the dominant discourse. In the course of this ‘‘ethical turn’’ national ethics councils were set up throughout Europe and in the United States to advice politics in ethically controversial issues such as stem cell research and genetic testing....

Background: Given the appropriateness of cyberspace and its interconnectedness, each country is expected to minimize the possibility of harmful actions by securing and continuously monitoring the Internet and the virtual world. Of course, part of this goal will be achieved through the adoption of appropriate national laws and, in part, through proper education of citizens and the development of...

providing a perfect instruction to authors can prevent most potential publication ethics errors. this study was conducted to determine the quality of ethical considerations in the instructions to the authors of iranian research scientific journals of medical sciences (accredited by the commission for accreditation and improvement of iranian medical journals) in october 2011. checklist items (n=...