Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and has a higher incidence in women. The main component senile plaques characteristic AD amyloid-beta (Aβ), with surrounding astrocytes contributing to degenerative process. We hypothesized that sex difference could be partially due differential astrocytic responses Aβ. Thus, effect Aβ1-40 on cell viability, inflammatory response, oxi...

The amyloid-β lowering capacity of anti-Aβ antibodies has been demonstrated in transgenic models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in AD patients. While the mechanism of immunotherapeutic amyloid-β removal is controversial, antibody-mediated sequestration of peripheral Aβ versus microglial phagocytic activity and disassembly of cerebral amyloid (or a combination thereof) has been proposed. For su...

For the last 20 years, the "amyloid cascade hypothesis" has dominated research aimed at understanding, preventing, and curing Alzheimer's disease (AD). During that time researchers have acquired an enormous amount of data and have been successful, more than 300 times, in curing the disease in animal model systems by treatments aimed at clearing amyloid deposits. However, to date similar strateg...

It has been shown that brain glucose metabolism impairment, obesity, and diabetes couldlead to cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis. Kisspeptin (KP) a G-proteincoupled receptor neuropeptide, has been suggested as a link between energy balance andreproduction. Some studies have shown that the attenuation of KP signaling decreases metabolismand energ...

Currently, there are very limited pharmaceutical interventions for Alzheimer's disease (AD) to alleviate the amyloid burden implicated in the pathophysiology of the disease. Alzheimer's disease is characterized immunohistologically by the accumulation of senile plaques in the brain with afflicted patients progressively losing short-term memory and, ultimately, cognition. Although significant im...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by the pathological hallmarks of extracellular beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and intraneuronal tau-containing neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Intraneuronal accumulation of Aβ also plays a role to accelerate AD progression by promoting neurodegeneration. Additionally, AD is associated with the developmen...

It has been proposed that appearance of amyloid beta (Aβ) in hippocampus is one of the characteristic features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The role of Nitric oxide (NO) in neurodegenerative disorders is controversy in different contexts. Here, we examined the effect of NO on spatial memory. For this purpose, we compared the effects of three different concentrations of L-NG-Nitroarginine Methyl...

Amyloid-β (Aβ) is a peptide formed by 39–43 amino acids, heterogenous the length of its C-terminus. Aβ constitutes subnanomolar monomeric component human biological fluids; however, in sporadic variants Alzheimer’s disease (AD), it forms soluble neurotoxic oligomers and accumulates as insoluble extracellular polymeric aggregates (amyloid plaques) brain tissues. The plaque formation controlled z...

Amyloid-beta (Aβ) pathology is related to mitochondrial dysfunction accompanied by energy reduction and an elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Monomers and oligomers of Aβ have been found inside mitochondria where they accumulate in a time-dependent manner as demonstrated in transgenic mice and in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain. We hypothesize that the internalization of extra...