Some philosophers and social scientists have stressed the importance for good government of an altruistic citizenry that values the well being of one another. Others have emphasized the need for incentives that induce even the self interested to contribute to the public good. Implicitly most have assumed that these two approaches are complementary or at worst additive. But this need not be the ...

Previous theories of moral development such as those by Piaget and Kohlberg usually focused on the cognitive or rational aspect, and seldom included the affective aspect in their construction. The characteristics of the stages of moral development in the present paper are elaborated with special reference to psychological needs, altruism and human relationships, and justice reasoning. The three...

Many proposed examples of reciprocal altruism are either misidentified or involve questionable assumptions concerning the costs and benefits accruing to the interactors. Waltz’s (Am. Nat. 118: 58%592,198l) definition of reciprocal altruism as an interaction in which “one individual aids another in anticipation that the recipient will return the favor benefiting the actor in the future” is not s...

This paper develops a nonparametric theory of preferences over one’s own and others’monetary payo¤s. We introduce “more altruistic than” (MAT), a partial ordering over preferences, and interpret it with known parametric models. We also introduce and illustrate “more generous than”(MGT), a partial ordering over opportunity sets. Several recent studies focus on two player extensive form games of ...

mechanistic work on the response threshold concept, I think this part of the book reviews important work in social insect biology and in behavioral genetics in general. Page finishes his book by focusing on the reproductive ground plan work he has conducted in recent years with Gro Amdam and others. This is the study of how core genetic modules (primarily relating to reproductive physiology) ha...

A great deal of work has been done to understand how science contributes to technological innovation and medicine. This is no surprise given the amount of money invested annually in R&D. However, what is not well known is that U.S. science (R&D) investment is only one-sixth that of the annual revenue received by non-profit organizations (NPOs) in the U.S. The large majority of NPO revenues are ...