Alternation of generations is a common component of all land plants, vascular and nonvascular; it does not express itself in the same manner in any other organisms. Given the other overwhelming similarities in land plant biochemistry, photosynthetic pigments and tissue organization, it seems that the easiest assumption is that they are derivatives of a common ancestor. The origin of alternation...

Coevolution between parasites and hosts or predators and prey often involves multiple species with similar kinds of defenses and counter-defenses. Classic examples include the interactions between phytophagous insects and their host plants, thick-shelled invertebrates and their shell-crushing predators, and ungulates and their predators. There are three major hypotheses for the nonequilibrium c...

The notion of innocent strategy was introduced by Hyland and Ong in order to capture the interactive behaviour of λ-terms and PCF programs. An innocent strategy is defined as an alternating strategy with partial memory, in which the strategy plays according to its view. Extending the definition to nonalternating strategies is problematic, because the traditional definition of views is based on ...

We investigate the expressive power of the quantifier alternation hierarchy of first-order logic over words. This hierarchy includes the classes Σi (sentences having at most i blocks of quantifiers starting with an ∃) and BΣi (Boolean combinations of Σi sentences). So far, this expressive power has been effectively characterized for the lower levels only. Recently, a breakthrough was made over ...

We propose a notion of quantum control in a quantum programming language which permits the superposition of finitely many quantum operations without performing a measurement. This notion takes the form of a conditional construct similar to the if statement in classical programming languages. We show that adding such a quantum if statement to the QPL programming language [11] simplifies the pres...

A large number of studies suggest that the integration of multisensory signals by humans is well-described by Bayesian principles. However, there are very few reports about cue combination between a native and an augmented sense. In particular, we asked the question whether adult participants are able to integrate an augmented sensory cue with existing native sensory information. Hence for the ...